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BANDITRY AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ZAMFARA STATE)

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Banditry or terrorism? The law and the language of politics | TheCable

Abstract

This study focused on banditry and national security in Nigeria using Zamfara Metropolis in Zamfara State as case study. For more than a decade, banditry has been a significant source of instability in Nigeria’s Northwestern geopolitical zone. Banditry has impacted almost every aspect of human existence, including Nigeria’s national security. The purpose of this research is to explain, examine and evaluate the origin, causes and suggested solutions to National Security issues and challenges in Zamfara State of Nigeria. To explain the impact of Banditry on National security. The research will highlight the ongoing concern, challenges and proffer solutions. The setback of the intelligence community to curtail the current security breaches. Zamfara State has been faced with so many crimes from Banditry including Robbery, Cattle rustling , Kidnapping , Farmer herder clashes , Murder , Rape e.t.c . Some views believed that Banditry in Zamfara State were Politically motivated. Banditry has become an appealing method of income in Zamfara State where poor governance, youth unemployment, poverty and inequality has left people with depleted options for livelihood. The porous of the border aided the proliferation of small arms and light weapons amongst bandit groups.

 

 

 

TITLE PAGE                                                              

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

List of Tables

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of the problem

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Research question

1.5     Significance of the study

1.6     Scope of the study

1.7     Limitation of the study

1.8     Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1     Conceptual framework’

2.2     Theoretical Framework

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Design

3.2     Population of the study

3.3     Sample size determination

3.4     Sample size selection technique and procedure

3.5 Research Instrument and Administration

3.6     Method of data collection

3.7     Method of data analysis

3.8     Validity and Reliability of the study

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1     Data Presentation

4.2     Answering Research Questions

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

Appendix

 

Banditry is now the Financial Wing of Boko Haram – Nigerian Observer

                                              CHAPTER ONE

                                            INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

As a result of a series of crises and instability that have plagued Nigeria in recent years, many people have died and property has been destroyed. According to Ezeoha (2011), “Security involves stability and consistency of livelihood, predictable relationships, feeling secure, and belonging to a social group”. The act of maintaining peace inside the boundaries of a sovereign state or other self-governing areas may be considered as internal security which is connected to security. Generally, this is accomplished through enforcing the laws of the land and fighting against internal threats. The government, paramilitary groups, and, in rare cases, the military itself may be tasked with maintaining domestic security.

Banditry refers to armed violence driven principally by the criminal intent to steal and plunder. It is motivated by the quest for economic accumulation. The victims are individuals and communities with material valuables or most cases average people displaced from their home. Kidnapping can be defined as the act of seizing and detaining or carrying away a person by unlawful force or by fraud, and often with a demand for ransom. For an act to be deemed kidnapping, it must involve coercive movement of a victim from one place to another, detention or seizure of that person be it a child or an adult. Kidnapping is usually motivated by financial gain or political benefit. Thus, opportunist or regular criminals as well as political opponents can resort to kidnapping in order to illegally obtain economic benefits or have their demands granted. In many cases, kidnapping is a ‘business’ involving a demand for ransom which may vary considerably, depending on the victim’s personal status. Kidnapping is on the increase in Nigeria. In Nigeria there are more than 1,000 kidnapping incidents reported in a year, and there are undoubtedly many that are unreported.

There’s an antithesis between security and insecurity, and that is insecurity. It has been given a variety of meanings based on how it affects different people. More specific terms for insecurity include: risk; hazard; uncertainty; lack of confidence; shaky; insufficiently guarded or protected, and unsure. Among the many others: Insecurity has been defined in a variety of ways by a variety of individuals. These many definitions all point to the same thing: a condition of vulnerability to damage and the destruction of one’s life, possessions, or financial security. A lack of security, as described by Beland (2005), is one that is “the condition of worry or anxiety that results from a physical or alleged absence of protection.” Lack of or insufficient protection from harm is the gist of the phrase.

To address the country’s insecurity, Oshodi (2011) recommends that the discipline of psychology be given the highest priority in policy creation and execution in order to create national cohesion and integration. In any case, it is safe to say that since the April 2011 presidential elections, Nigeria has had more ethnic-religious-political crises than at any other time in its history, typified by the Boko-Haram religious sect’s suicide bombings. Terrorism, banditry, kidnappings, and other violent crimes have surged to unprecedented levels in recent years. This attack does not spare religious leaders, churches, or mosques. If the current level of insecurity persists, Nigeria will undoubtedly become a failed state. This much is certain.

Banditry in the northwestern states of Kaduna, Zamfara and Katsina has reached alarming heights in recent years. Bandits terrorize villages with impunity. They have actually settled in the Kastina State, setting up fortified enclaves in the hinterland and on the frontiers, from where they plot and carry out their operations. The most common examples of rural banditry in Nigeria are armed robbery, abduction of school children, cattle rustling and village raids. Abduction which is synonymous to kidnapping is usually accompanied with a ransom for money or other gains. Thus a crime of abduction is considered to be when a person has been taken away from his or her original location by persuading him or her, by some act of fraud or with a forceful way that may include violence. However s political actors and stakeholders of the society and politicizing these life threatening issues thus no matter how government pretends about this, banditry and abduction has a major implication on the national security and development.

The prevalence of banditry in Nigeria appears to have been high and rising over the years. Nigeria’s Northwest is gradually becoming another major regional theatre of violence, much like the Northeast where Boko Haram terrorists have wreaked havoc in the past ten years. A problem, which initially appeared as localized disputes between herders and farmers over access to land, has morphed into an intractable crisis posing a major threat to national and regional security. The level of rural banditry keeps escalating from 2014 till date attracting a lot of attention, while assuming increased political undertones are master minders to this yet it’s of great implication to the survival of common man and at large impedes national development (Nigeria Watch, 2011).

1.2 Statement Of Problem

Crime thrives in contexts where there’s little deterrence. In most of Nigeria’s rural communities, there are many opportunities for criminal activity. For one thing, some of these communities are located in remote areas where there is little or no government presence. More importantly, households and schools are in some cases separated by and interspersed with forest areas. This renders them vulnerable to banditry. This situation is made worse by the absence of effective community policing mechanisms capable of addressing the hinterlands’ peculiar security challenges.

In effect, the incidence and prevalence of rural banditry and abduction of school children in northwest Nigeria raises a fundamental question about the government’s ability to govern effectively. The state security machinery has so far failed to tackle the scourge of banditry and kidnapping. This failure stems from a lack of political will and operational challenges. Essentially, the prevailing socio-existential conditions in northwestern Nigeria have complicated the security and national development. However it against this backdrop that this study seeks to examine the implication of banditry and abduction on national development.

1.3 Objective Of The Study

This study is set to examine banditry and national security in Nigeria. Specifically it is set

  1. To examine the causes of banditry and abduction in Northwest Nigeria.
  2. To determine the implications of banditry on national development.
  3. To determine the extent at which banditry and abduction affects national security and development.

1.4 Significance Of The Study

This study will enable Public security agents in Nigeria on the need to be exposed (by way of periodic training) to the globally tenable best practices and know-how of counter-banditry to boost their operational efficiency in combating violent crimes in general and armed robbery in particular. it will heighten the awareness of government on the need to come up with credible and implementable policies to curb the incessant attacks on common man and improve their livelihood. It will hamper the criminal justice system of Nigeria on the need to be re-positioned and revitalized through progressive reforms to enable it acquire the integrity and competences to sanction crime aright.

1.5 Research Question

  1. What are the underlying causes of banditry and abduction in Zamfara state?
  2. What are the implications of banditry and abduction on national development?
  3. To what extent does banditry and abduction affect national security and development?

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is set to examine the banditry and national security in Nigeria using Zamfara State Nigeria as a case study.

1.7 Limitation Of Study
Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8 Operational Definitions

Banditry: Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups.

Abduction: the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will. It is always synonymous to kidnapping which is criminal offense consisting of the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or fraud or the unlawful seizure and detention of a person against his will.

National Security: National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government.

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