IODINE CONTENT OF SALT SAMPLES SOLD IN LOCAL MARKET WITHIN JOS METROPOLIS
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Iodine is a chemical element in the Periodic Table belonging to group VIIA and Period 5 with atomic number 53. It also haslow toxicity and it is mostly found on earth as a high water soluble iodide (I–) with a high concentration of it being found in oceans and soils.
Iodine is one of the most recognized micronutrient along with Viatmin A, Calcium e.t.c. it is needed in the human body in trace quantity and is a major component of the thyroid hormone. Humans cannot synthesized iodine rather, consumption of crops grown on the soil where iodine is present creates a pathway for iodine ingestion. Sea foods have been identified as the richest source of dietary source of iodine since the oceans contain sufficient amounts of iodine.
Iodine performs important biochemical functions in the body, by virtue of being a component of the thyroid hormones, iodine is involved in the sythensis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by the thyroid gland. It also increases metabolism , pulse rate, respiration, arterial pressure and also the quality of urine. Biochemical functions of iodine are affected by several factors which interfere with iodine uptake from the GIT or thyroid gland and affects its incorporation into the thyroid hormone ; the presence of certain chemicals in foods and drinks, such chemicals are referred to as goitrogens. Examples of goitrogens are broccoli, spinach ,strawberries and most especially cassava. The low content of iodine in staple diet result in decline in the rate of synthesis of the thyroid hormone. The level of dietary intake of iodine determines the rate and quality of thyroid hormone manufactured by the thyroid gland. When iodine intake is low, the thyroid gland tissue expands to provide larger surface area for mopping up of the little trace of iodine present in the blood. The sustained low iodine intake from blood result in swelling of the thyroid gland leading to a condition known as goitre. Genetic defect in enzymes or proteins mediate uptake of iodine or its biosynthetic incorporation into the thyroid hormones. These genetic factors that affect iodine uptake are the secondary factors leading to secondary Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) , these secondary factors result in IDD regardless of adequate intake of iodine in diet.
IDD is considered a public health problem because of the debilitating effect and socio economic consequence of its symptoms. It is endemic in several areas of the world most frequent in mountainous areas like Himalayas and Andes where the iodine in soil have been leached away by glaciers and flood .In Nigeria IDD has been associated with highland and high consumption of poorly processed cassava product and the hilly terrain leading to leaching away of iodine from the soil due to high rainfall .
With the grave effect of iodine deficiency on human health, most countries in the world have adopted the universal salt iodization for the eradication of IDD (UNICEF,2008) other strategies adopted by each country is determined by prevailing circumstances. Nigeria adopted the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) in 1993 with Salt iodization laws being enforced through two key regulatory agencies: The Standards Organization of Nigeria(SON)which sets the standards and the National Agency for Food & Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) which enforces the standards. In turn, the salt manufacturers have established an umbrella association for effective self-regulation and to ensure distribution of adequately iodized salt. (Akunyili, 2007 , Untoro, 2006).Factors militating against successful control of IDD by USI includes cross boarder importation of cheaper non- iodized salt, supply of non- iodized salt from local rock salt miners and also poor handling of iodized salt by retailers like exposure of salt to sunlight and spraying with water which causes loss of iodine.
One strategy Nigeria has adopted is periodic monitoring of salt by NAFDAC operatives who collect random samples from salt outlets and conduct a routine test for iodine .To ensure compliance SON has compelled manufacturers to package iodized salt in small sacks e.g 0.5kg ,0.25kg and 1kg this prevent poor handling by retailers .
1.1 Aim
The aim of the study is to monitor the extent of compliance to the Universal salt iodization programme by commercial salt outlets in Jos Metropolis.
1.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives are;
- To collect random samples of salt sold in local markets in parts of the Jos metropolis
- To analyse the samples so collected for iodine/iodate content.
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