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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
Mathematics plays very important roles in our daily lives. Today, mathematics is an inevitable part of Science and it is used in almost every field, be it Natural Science, Engineering, Arts or Economics (Haneefa, 2008). Kaye (2009), pointed out that learning to think in mathematical terms is an essential part of becoming a liberally educated person. Professional bodies like the National Mathematical Centre (NMC), Nigerian Mathematical Society (NMS), Mathematics Association of Nigeria (MAN), etc are really working hard to see to the improvement of mathematics teaching and learning in Nigeria. The National Mathematical Centre (NMC) Abuja, in September 1990, set up a programme, called Mathematical Sciences Education Programme, whose central mandate is the improvement of the teaching and learning of mathematics at all levels of our educational system nationwide. A report from the NMC revealed that since the commencement of this programme, many activities have been carried out which have to a great extent popularized the teaching and learning of mathematics in Nigeria (www.nmcabuja.com). The various benefits accruing from mathematics has led to considering ways and means of ensuring its effective teaching and learning in schools. Based on this background, mathematics educators have been, and are still researching on how pupils’ achievement in mathematics can be improved. Some of such researches have their focus on the effect of game method of teaching on mathematics achievement while some others are concerned about the effect of some other teaching methods. According to Motladi (2006), instructional games are softwares designed to increase motivation to learning by adding game rules and/or competition to learning activities. They are also learning tools used during teaching and learning. Researchers have made so much effort to determine the effect of games on Secondary school students’ mathematics achievement in different parts of Nigeria. Such studies on the effect of games on students’ mathematics achievement include the works of Okpala (2004), Okigbo and Okeke (2010) and Ihesia (2011). The results of these studies indicate a significant effect of games on students’ mathematics achievement. Other studies carried out by Iko (1999), Oboh (2005) and Nwosu (2004), have results which show non-significant effect of games on students’ mathematics achievement. There are so many other research reports on the effect of games on mathematics achievement in Secondary schools. Each of these studies differs in one way or the other. These studies also, are in bits in journals and research reports. The results of many of these studies are conflicting, and no effort has been made to integrate these results to arrive at a general conclusion. Therefore, the problem of this study is the lack of consensus in the findings of the previous studies. Therefore, there is need to put them together, and to see what the integrated result would be like. The only quantitative and objective way of doing this, is through meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis is a statistical procedure through which the results of several independent studies considered to be combinable are integrated. In the words of Erika and Harris (2007), the term meta-analysis, first coined by Gene Glass in 1976, refers to a statistical technique used to synthesize data from separate comparable studies in order to obtain a quantitative summary of research addressing common question. It is a quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance. A meta-analysis is an analytical technique designed to summarize the results of multiple studies. It is a study in which the results of other studies, all published on the same topic, are combined so as to obtain a cumulative result
- STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
Meta-analysis techniques have been used to integrate studies in different fields, and have yielded reasonable, objective and generalized conclusions despite the divergent findings. It is expected that same result will be obtained if meta-analysis is applied to other situations such as this study
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
- To determine the effect size for each of the studies examined
- To determine the Mean effect size of all the studies examined
- To determine the results of the previous studies on games and students’ mathematics achievement in Secondary schools
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;
H0: there is no effect of size for each of the studies examined.
H1: there is effect size for each of the studies examined.
H02: The overall effect of games on Secondary school students’ mathematics achievement is non-significant. s
H2: The overall effect of games on Secondary school students’ mathematics achievement is significant.
- SIGNIFICNCE OF THE STUDY
The result of this study could help in capturing the students’ interest in mathematics and hence improve their academic performances when the teacher employs the teaching method with large effect sizes. To researchers, this study will serve as a data bank and will be useful while searching for literature for their empirical studies. It could also reduce the duplication of researches in mathematics education since the result of this study was subjected to higher statistical technique to determine the mean effect of the methods. The policy makers could utilize the information in this study to state goals why some teaching methods should be adopted as regards the teaching and learning of a topic in mathematics.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers Meta-analysis effect of game on student of secondary schools. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;
- a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
- b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
- c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Meta analysis: A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Meta-analysis can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some degree of error.