A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON AN EXAMINATION OF KWAME NKRUMAH’S CONSCIENCISM
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ABSTRACT
It is popular knowledge that most countries in Africa were at one time or the other under the control of foreign countries after the Berlin conference that partitioned the continent into various parts and acted as guides for the colonial masters. However, the true sons of the soil who happened to be nationalists like Kwame Nkrumah Obafemi Awolowo, Kenneth Kaunda and others fought bravely for the independence of their countries and hence came self governance. After the granting of independence and the departure of the colonial masters, these educated nationalists went ahead to forge for Africa an ideology that would carry them to a better phase. One of these ideologies is the consciencism of Kwame Nkrumah which is to pave way for the economic and political emancipation of the African continent. In this work, the ideology will be under the spotlight, alongside it will be Kwame Nkrumah himself, and finally a critical evaluation of the notion of consciencism.
Definition of Terms
- Neo-Colonialism:
Neo-colonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a developing country in lieu of direct military control of indirect political control. It was coined by Kwame Nkrumah in the context of African countries undergoing decolonization in the 1960s. Neo-colonialism is also discussed in the works of western thinkers like Jean Paul Satre and Noam Chonsky.
- Pan-Africanism:
Pan-Africanism is a worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent. It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social and political progress and aims to “unify” and “uplift” people of African descent. The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core, Pan-Africanism is a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny.
- Capitalism:
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. In a capitalist market economy, decision making and investment are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in financial and capital markets, whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.
- Egalitarianism:
Egalitarianism is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people. Egalitarianism doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status.
Introduction
According to African statesmen, the whites even after granting independence to the colonies they governed left as a parting gift to the Africans the concept of neo-colonialism. Even till now, the traces of neo-colonialism are still visible among the blacks. The African rarely value any product having an African origin. He would rather prefer the product labeled “made in China” or “made in America” and other white nations.
This problem was what prompted African thinkers like Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Leopard Senghor, Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe and others to embark on the search for the authentic African identity and this they expressed in their views. Kwame Nkrumah, one of the African thinkers postulated an ideology known as ‘consciencism’. This ideology is an exercise in anti-colonialism, it advocates for a social revolution which was to be brought about by an intellectual revolution.
This seminar paper will have as its focal point ‘consciencism’ as presented by Kwame Nkrumah. It must be noted that consciencism is a summary of Nkrumah’s ideological viewpoint geared towards the economic and political emancipation of the African. It was observed that the notion of consciencism arrived at a stage of development where the vigorous African search for freedom, unity and identity needs to be expressed in the form of philosophical statements.
A Brief Biography of Nkrumah
Nkrumah was born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma in Nkrojul, a town in Gold Coast (the British Colony that was to become Ghana) to Kogi Ngonloma, a goldsmith, and Elizabeth Nyaniba, a salesperson, who he saw as a great inspiration. Nkrumah attended Elementary School at Half Assion where his father worked as a goldsmith. In 1935, he went to Lincoln University in the United States. He learned more about communism, he furthered his education at the University of Pennsylvania, from 1939 to 1943. In 1945, he went to London and organized an International conference for African freedom. At that time he changed his name to “Kwame”. After his return Ghana’s had their independence, Nkrumah was elected its first president. In February 24, 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown by the military and police force. After his overthrow Kwame Nkrumah lived out his life in Conakry Guinea. Diagnosed with prostate cancer, in August 1971, he flew to Romania for treatment. He died in Bucharest Romania, on 27 April 1972 at the age of 62.
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