BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE DECISION AND PLANNING IN MINISTRIES AND PARASTATALS
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ABSTRACT
Budget and budgetary control as a tool for effective decision and planning in ministries and parastatals. The researcher is prompted into choosing this due to the peculiar nature of the topic budgetary control in ministries and parastatals. In this project work the definition of budget is being known as a techniques their task of planning, coordinating, directing and control in an organization. For a government ministries to achieve their aims budget must be enlisted in Agenda. In carrying out this project work the topic identify the objective, statement of hypothesis, significance of the problem and the limitation of the project work. This project work is limited to the budget of Imo state government ministry and parastatals. Nevertheless profit oriented organization and parastatals make use of different budget to enable them meet their desire goals. I bid to identify those administrative problem personal observations and interview where made and conducted, it was discovered that budget and budgetary are the key note of every successful body or organization as a result of policies not being strong enough to beat them to it. Finally budget enjoys a wide application. They can be used in our private homes where a civil servant who earns and income and plan on it. Also the same thing is applicable to the ministries and parastatals.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Budgeting is essentially concerned with planning and can be broadly illustrated by comparing with the routine a ship captain follows on each voyage. Before the voyage, he will plan his route, taking into account such factors as shipping hazards, tides and possible adverse weather forecast. During the voyage he will check on his plans and record and unusual conditions. If necessary, he may even have to alleviate from his plan if prevailing circumstances require it. On completion of the voyage he will compare the conditions he encountered with those he expected and use the experience gained in planning similar voyages in the future. Budgets and budgeting control are two accounting techniques, which top management adopts to achieve its tasks of planning, coordinating, directing and control in an organsiation. Planning is mainly concerned with the establishment of objectives the formulation, evaluation and selection of the policies, strategies tactics and actions required to achieve these objectives planning was previously based on historical cost conventions. This process increased the emergency decision which top management had to make because historical cost conventions are not future oriented; they do not aid planning. In order to reduce to management emergency decision making processes and thus aid planning, variable budgets were introduced. This is so because managers want to know more than they have done currently in relation to last period performance, they also want to know how they have done currently in relation to their current target performance. Control on the order hand follows closely after action has been taken. If is a process where by actual performance is compared with targeted budgeted performance any deviations from this target are investigated for an in-depth or positive explanations to be given. Budgetary control is the technique used for this purpose and when it is combined with budget, it becomes part of responsibility accounting the aim of budgetary control is to provide a format basis for monitoring the progress of the organization as whole and of its components parts, towards the achievement of the objectives specified in the planning budgets.
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