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CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG THE ADOLESCENT

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5 Tips to Navigate Secondhand Smoke Living with a Smoker

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cigarette smoking is the process of burning tobacco leaves, inhaling and tasting the resulting vapourized gas. Smoking is the most frequent way to consume tobacco, and it is also the most commonly smoked material. The agricultural product is frequently combined with addictive substances and then combusted. The resultant smoked is incorporated with the active material via the lung’s alveoli; this combustion was traditionally accelerated with the use of potassium and other nitrates (Oilman and Xum 2004). Tobacco is a well-known agricultural product made from fresh leaves of a plant in the family of night shade in the Genius Nicoliana Tobaccum. The Genius contains a number of species, but Nicotiana Tobaccum is the most commonly grown, followed by Nicotiana Rustica, which has a higher nicotine content. In addition to greatly increasing heart rate, alertness, and reaction time, many of the active ingredients in cigarettes cause chemical reactions in the nerve endings. The release of dopamine and endorphine is frequently linked to pressure (Oilman and Xum 2004). Approximately 2.5 to 3 billion people used tobacco in 2008–2010; of these, 11% were female and 49% were male adolescents. Of those who used tobacco, 30% smoked it (Giovio, 2012). Many people start smoking when they are adolescents or young adults, mainly in the beginning phases when it produces a nice sensation and serves as a reinforcement source.

The main reasons people continue to smoke after they have been smokers for a while are to avoid experiencing withdrawal symptoms and to prevent negative reinforcement (Lancet, 2012). In addition to smoking, a lot of individuals used tobacco as a medication or pain reliever, to enhance, treat toothaches, and occasionally as a poultice. The desert Indians believed that smoking was a remedy for colds, particularly if the tobacco was combined with the leaves of the Indian balsam or cons root, Leptotenia multifida, which was also thought to be particularly beneficial for tuberculosis and asthma (Ball and Edward, 2009). It was once thought that smoking tobacco may make one’s prayers go to heaven (gottsegen, Jack Jacob, 2009). According to behavioral study, male adolescents who start smoking do so as a result of cultural influence from friends and peer pressure. Nonetheless, research revealed that adolescents’ direct enjoyment of smoking cigarettes was significantly linked to loss (Urberg, 1990).

According to Cassin and Sharman (2002), children of smoker parents are more likely to smoke themselves than other children, and quitting smoking was linked to fewer adolescents, unless one of the parents was still smoking. The active ingredient in tobacco, particularly in cigarettes, is released by burning the leaves, which are commonly smoked in pipes, cigars, and other tobacco products. The leaves can also be chewed or sniffed. This facilitates the fast and efficient delivery of a chemical into the bloodstream by lung aveoli absorption (Gellman and Xum, 2004). Tobacco contains NICOTINE, a potent chemical that makes it extremely difficult to quit smoking and causes a chemical reaction in the nerve endings when inhaled (WonnaC.H. 1990). When a cigarette is smoked, it produces over 7,000 chemicals, at least 69 of which are carcinogenic and many of which are toxic. Here are a few of the compounds in tobacco smoke and where they are found:

  1. Acetone found in nail polish remover
  2. Cadmium active component in battery acid
  3. Carbon monoxide released in car exhaust
  4. Formaldehyde embalming fluid
  5. Lead used in batteries
  6. Nicotine used as insecticide
  7. Arsenic used in rat poison
  8. Benzene found in rubber cement
  9. Toluene used to manufacture paint etc.

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006), tobacco smoking is the single most important preventable danger to human health in developed countries, as well as a major cause of premature mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (2008), tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004, and lOO million deaths in the twentieth century. Tobacco use is a prevalent cause of heart and lung disorders, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphysema and cancer (especially lung, laryngeal, and oral cancer, as well as esophageal and pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases both the likelihood of chronic diseases and the severity of the disease’s etiology (Seksik, 2009). Teenagers are more influenced by their peers than by adults, therefore the presence of smoking peers, as well as social networks and media displaying high status models smoking, encourage smoking.

Can I Smoke While Breastfeeding?

Nonetheless, several elements will influence a male adolescent’s distinctive personality towards smoking;

PARENTAL INFLUENCE: The frequency of adolescent smoking habit increases when there are many smokers in the family, parent are particularly important because they arc adolescent primary role model. The parent attitude perception towards smoking and affections between parents and their children are all crucial factor that affect adolescent cigarette smoking. Frequent interfamilial dispute between parents, divorce, immature parents all contribute to the risk factor causing adolescent cigarette smoking.

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL: illiteracy and ignorance of the adolescent about all the associated risk and disadvantages of cigarette smoking will contribute to the causes of tobacco consumption.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR: The place of living contribute to cigarette smoking among male adolescent, since they live and mingle with smoker who may likely influence them to cigarette smoking.

PEER GROUP: Adolescent are easily influenced by their age mate, Once they see their mate doing something either wrong or right they will also wish to practise it. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM: psychological problems such as bereave, divorce, and senile dementia can predisposed the adolescent to cigarette smoking.

POVERTY: This can determine the rate of smoking in adolescent because there are some male adolescent that lack parental care due to financial constraints of the family, such children are prone to cigarette smoking because their parents are not financially bouyant enough to cater for their needs and this can invariably lead them to bad influence.

CULTURAL FACTOR: Some cultures and ethnics believe that smoking was serve as a painkiller. It was used for enrich and cure toothache and occasionally use as a poultice. Smoking was said by the desert Indian to be cure for cold, believed that tobacco smoke is capable of carrying one’s prayer through to heaven (Gottsegen, Jack Jacob 2009).

1.2.       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Cigarette smoking has numerous health consequences, including a high risk of heart attack, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer (Seksik and Nion, 2009). Cigarette smoking is the greatest cause of avoidable mortality and a serious public health concern (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011).

The following problem is also linked to cigarette smoking/tobacco usage in any form. a.            There will be prolong cough and production of phylegm

  1. The blood pressure and the heart rate increase
  2. The person experience dizziness and nausea for a short or long period of time
  3. There will be low appetite, The sense of taste and smell of such individual, the person
    eyes start watering, the blood circulation in the body is negatively affected due to the
    constriction of the blood vessel by the smoke
  4. The person appear older due to the weakness of the immune system, due to the
    appearance of more wrinkle and line on the face which greatly prone the person to
    various disease and disorder like heart attacks, coronary heart disorder, different kind
    of cancer, respiratory tract infection, ulcer in the stomach, peripheral vascular diseases
    e.t.c.

1.3.       THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

  1. Attitude of parents will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent at Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  2. The male adolescent has no knowledge about the detrimental risk of tobacco smoking.
  3. Religion of parent will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent of Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  4. Peer influence will not significantly cause cigarette smoking among the adolescent in
    Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  5. Environmental factor will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent in Iwajowa Local Government Area.

1.4.       DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work   is   carried   out among  the   adolescents   in  Iwajowa   Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Just to collect vital data about the major causes and effect of cigarette smoking among male adolescent. The adverse effect of cigarette smoking on health means of preventing smoking among the adolescents and recommendation to the concerns authority in kicking against the adolescent’s tobacco smoking. The study will be therefore delimitated to the following:

  1. Descriptive survey research design
  2. Simple random sampling for selecting the sample

Thefollowing problem can   also   be   associated   with   cigarette   smoking, tobacco consumption in any forms.

  1. There will be prolong cough and production of phylegm
  2. The blood pressure and the heart rate increase
  3. The person experience dizziness and nausea for a short or long period of time
  4. There will be low appetite, The sense of taste and smell of such individual, the person
    eyes start watering, the blood circulation in the body is negatively affected due to the
    constriction of the blood vessel by the smoke
  5. The person appear older due to the weakness of the immune system, due to the
    appearance of more wrinkle and line on the face which greatly prone the person to
    various disease and disorder like heart attacks, coronary heart disorder, different kind
    of cancer, respiratory tract infection, ulcer in the stomach, peripheral vascular diseases

1.3.       THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

  1. Attitude of parents will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent at Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  2. The male adolescent has no knowledge about the detrimental risk of tobacco smoking.
  3. Religion of parent will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent of Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  4. Peer influence will not significantly cause cigarette smoking among the adolescent in
    Iwajowa Local Government Area.
  5. Environmental factor will not significantly determine cigarette smoking among the
    adolescent in Iwajowa Local Government Area.

1.4          DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is carried out among the adolescents in Iwajowa Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Just to collect vital data about the major causes and effect of cigarette smoking among male adolescent. The adverse effect of cigarette smoking on health, means of preventing smoking among the adolescents and recommendation to the concerns authority in kicking against the adolescents tobacco smoking.

The study will be therefore delimitated to the following:

  1. Descriptive survey research design
  2. Simple random sampling for selecting the sample
  • Variable of parental influence, peer group, psychological problem, cultural factor,educational level, environmental factor and poverty level.
  1. One hundred (100) respondents comprising of youth of age 15 to 25 years and abovewithin Iwajowa Local Government Area, Iganna, Oyo State, Nigeria,
  2. Self-structural questionnaire as instruments for data collection,
  3. Descriptive statistic of chi-square at 0.05 alpha level

1.5        LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

  1. Non – Compliance of the Respondents: some male adolescent in the studied area do
    not comply, so the researcher took time to motivate them before their full cooperation
    and support so as to collect accurate information.
  2. Financial Constraint: There is financial problem in carrying out this research work.
  3. Time Factor: there is limited time in carrying out thorough research, so therefore this
    has lead to insufficient time for carrying out this research work.

1.6          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study identifies the causes and effects of cigarette smoking, preventing future mayhem of cigarette smoking and associated complication of cigarette smoking.

It will assist in educating of the community members on various hazard associated with cigarette smoking. It will serve as a guide in devising efficient and appropriate measures to be used in preventing cigarette smoking in the community and among the young peoples.

It will also assist the community and the young people knowing the health implication of cigarette smoking on their health and save them from diseases associate with cigarette smoking and spare adolescent life in order not to die young because it’s with a known fact that smokers are liable to die young.

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