Effect of audit committee characteristics on financial reporting quality of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria
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ABSTRACT
The audit committees of Nigerian banks are inadequately constituted, which may have an impact on the accuracy of financial reporting, according to numerous reports on banking legislation and existing literature. This study examined the impact of audit committee features on the caliber of financial reporting for listed Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (DMBs). Correlational research strategy was employed in the study. The secondary source of data was the publicly available yearly financial reports of the Nigerian DMBs under study. The study was conducted between 2013 and 2020 and covered all 13 of Nigeria’s DMBs that were listed. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the data using STATA software. According to the analysis’s findings, the frequency of audit committee meetings and the proportion of women on the committee have a positive and significant impact on the financial reporting quality of DMBs in Nigeria, whereas the financial expertise of the committee has a negative and significant impact. Furthermore, the independence of the audit committee has no appreciable impact on the standard of DMBs’ financial reporting in Nigeria. Based on the aforementioned findings, the study recommends that banks maintain the frequency of audit committee meetings and that increasing the representation of women on the audit committee will probably result in higher-quality accounting.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
TableofContents – – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 | Background tothestudy – – – – – – – | 1 |
1.2 | Statement oftheProblem – – – – – – – | 5 |
1.3 | ResearchQuestions- – – – – – – – – | 7 |
1.4 | Objectives of the study – — – – – – – | 7 |
1.4 | Research Hypotheses- – – – – – – – | 8 |
1.5 | Scope oftheStudy – – – – – – – | 8 |
1.6 | Significance oftheStudy – – — – – – – | 9 |
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction – – – – – – – – – 10
- Concept of Corporate Governance – – – – – – 10
- CBN Code of corporate Governance- – – – – – 11
- Separation of Ownership and Control and Board of Directors — – 12
- Types of Directors/Functions of Directors – – – – – 14
- Audit Committee- – – – – – – – – 16
- Financial Reporting Quality inNigerianBanks – – – – 19
- Measurement of Financial Reporting Quality- – – – – 21
- Audit Committee Characteristics – – – – – – 23
- Audit Committee Independence and Financial Reporting Quality – – 24
- Audit Committee Meeting Frequency and Financial Reporting Quality – 28
- Audit Committee Financial Expertise and Financial Reporting Quality – 31
- Audit Committee Female Membership and FinancialReportingQuality – 33
- Theoretical Framework – – — – – – – 34
- Agency Theory — – – – – – – – 34
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – | 36 |
3.2 ResearchDesign – – – – – – – – | 36 |
3.3 Population of the Study – – – – – – – | -36 |
3.4 Sampling andSamplingTechnique – – – – – – | 37 |
3.5 Source and Method ofDataCollection – – – – – | 37 |
3.6 VariablesMeasurement – – – – – – – | -37 |
3.7 ModelSpecification – – – – – – – – | 39 |
3.8 Techniques of DataAnalysis- – – – – – – | 40 |
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
- Introduction – – – – – – – – – 41
- DescriptiveStatistics – – – – – – – – 41
- CorrelationMatrix – – – – – – – – 43
- RobustnessTests – – – – – – – – 44
- Random EffectRegression Result – – – – – – 45
- Policy Implications oftheFindings – – – – – – 49
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 51
5.2 Conclusions – – – – – – – – – 52
- Recommendations – – – – – – – – 53
- Limitations totheStudy – – – – – – – 53
- Suggestions forFutureResearch – – – – – – 54
References – – – – – – – – – – 55
Appendices – – – – – – – – – – 61
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The main goal of a corporate financial report is to provide information that is intended to give a true and fair view of the management’s stewardship, company performance, and financial position so that the information’s various users can make educated economic decisions (America Accounting Association, 1961). According to Mbobo & Ekpo (2016), financial reporting is the process through which business organizations give interested parties (users) information about their transactions within an accounting period. Shareholders, creditors, tax officials, clients, financial analysts, and lenders are a few of the interested stakeholders. The parties’ ability to make sound financial decisions depends on the reports’ quality.
One of the main tools corporate management employs to disseminate financial data for a specific time period is the financial report. According to the International Accounting Standard (IAS 1), the goal of financial reporting is to give information about an entity’s financial situation, financial performance, and cash flows that is helpful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements are used to convey this data. Financial statements, according to Ibadin and Dabor (2015), reveal economic data on assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses, including gains and losses; contributions by and distributions to owners in their capacity as owners; and cash flows. These details reveal the results of the management’s stewardship of the resources entrusted to it. These details help consumers of financial statements forecast future cash flows for the firm, particularly their timing, combined with other data from the notes. Additionally, the financial statements’ accounting information is one of the most crucial pieces of knowledge that different stakeholders, particularly investors, require to make sensible financial decisions. The accounting data seen in the financial accounts of the intended investing company is used by investors to price shares when they are looking for investment opportunities. To reduce information asymmetry, market players need high-quality financial reporting or information, which should be a requirement for a healthy capital market. As a result, businesses that offer high-quality information are rated higher on the capital market (Ibadin & Dabor, 2015).
Effective and efficient monitoring systems are required due to the rising demand for financial reporting of the highest quality. This is necessary because of the conflict of interest that arises when resource holders act as principals and managers operate as agents, with managers engaging in actions that are detrimental to the realization of resource holders’ interests. Consequently, a board of directors has been established to oversee managerial actions. The board establishes a number of oversight procedures to guarantee the reliability of management’s judgment. The audit committee is one of the committees. The effectiveness of the audit committee affects the monitoring process’ quality. According to Dechow, Sloan & Sweeney (2016), Beasley (2016), Carcello & Neal 2020, and Klein (2002), the efficacy of the audit committee in carrying out its monitoring duty is determined by the degree to which they carry out their responsibilities. By restricting managers’ ability to manipulate results, an efficient audit committee ensures that readers of financial statements are given reliable accounting information (Dandago & Rufai, 2014).
The banking sector created its own code through the Central Bank of Nigeria, the most current of which is the CBN Code of Corporate Governance of 2016 (Ibadin & Dabor, 2015), in response to the growing erosion of the credibility of financial reporting. In particular, the code mandates that businesses create audit committees made up of directors and shareholders. According to the code, the audit committee is tasked with examining the purpose and outcome of the audit, the independence and objectivity of the auditor, among other things. Despite this, there has still been criticism about the quality of bank financial reporting.
As a result, the impact of audit committee characteristics on the accuracy of financial reporting has been studied. One of these qualities is the independence of the audit committee (Klein, 2002). The presence of non-executive audit committee members who are not involved in the day-to-day operations of businesses serves as a proxy for this. Such members are a requirement for the audit committee’s ability to perform its oversight duties impartially. A counterargument to this is that non-executive audit committee members could not have the necessary familiarity with an organization’s internal financial reporting procedures and hence might not be able to identify potential areas of financial misstatements. However, Nigeria’s lack of audit committee independence may be a contributing factor to the rising number of financial scandals and bankruptcies.
The frequency of audit committee meetings is also thought to be important for the audit committee’s monitoring duties (Jenkins, 2020). According to Menon and Williams (1994), the more frequently an audit committee meets, the more active it is seen to be, which results in fewer issues with financial reporting. In actuality, more frequent audit committee meetings give the committee the chance to evaluate financial accounts critically and take further action. Similar to this, regular meetings of the audit committee can lower the frequency of issues with financial reporting. As a result, the more frequently the audit committee members meet, the more meticulously they are likely to evaluate the caliber of the financial report. It may be claimed, however, that frequent audit sessions cost the organization money. Meeting allowance payments are an expenditure that are frequently avoidable. Such channels are even used by managers to steal resources from the company. The issue of audit committee meeting frequency in Nigerian deposit money banks deserves special attention, especially in light of the declining credibility of the management’s financial reports for banks whose financial reports are not thoroughly reviewed by the audit committees that meet infrequently (Dabor & Dabor, 2015).
Since there is likely to be less collaboration when there are female board members, this could act as a mitigating factor against deceptive accounting. In addition, audit committee members who possess the necessary financial skills are more likely to actively evaluate the accuracy of financial reports. Contrarily, it has been argued that such members might actually help management manipulate accounts, particularly if their independence is threatened (Illaboya, 2012). Therefore, it is important to emphasize the audit committee’s function in keeping an eye on financial fraud and ensuring accurate financial reporting. This context serves as the framework for the inquiry, which focuses on Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria and looks at how audit committee characteristics affect financial reporting.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
(Ahmad & Hassan, 2011) Subpar corporate governance practices have spread around the world. According to Dabor & Tijjani (2011), Nigeria has also seen instances of corporate failure brought on by subpar corporate governance procedures. Lever Brothers plc and Cadbury Nigeria plc are a couple of the situations. According to empirical research (Mbobo & Ekpo, 2016), ineffective audit committees are one of the main factors contributing to the global financial crisis, not just in rich economies but also in emerging ones. Most frequently, the audit committee was charged with failing to efficiently discharge its duties. As evidenced by the inquiry into Worldcom, the audit committee was unable to effectively monitor the managers’ tasks. This conduct brought about harsh criticism of the audit committee’s role in monitoring the financial reporting process, raising doubts about the accuracy of the accounting.
The issue of poor corporate governance is one of the issues facing the sector, according to a critical examination of the Nigerian banking system over time (Sanusi, 2010). Squabbles among the audit committee’s members, as well as dishonest and self-serving peachiest, are examples of weaknesses in corporate governance. Poor governance is one of the main factors that contribute to company distress, according to the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Post Consolidation Code of company Governance (2016) (Sanusi, 2010). Poor governance and unethical behavior in the banking industry of Nigeria have raised concerns because it has been established that they are related to bank distress in Nigeria (Sanusi, 2010). As a result, 110 incidences of fraud and forgery worth N1.5 billion were reported in 2005, and due to predictions of a banking sector collapse, the Central Bank of Nigeria injected 620 billion as liquidity into the banking industry in 2010.The aforementioned numbers show evidence of poor corporate governance oversight functions in the Nigerian banking sector.
Additionally, it has been shown in the accounting literature (Anderson & Gillan, 2013; Bradbury, Mak, and Tan, 2014; Hermawan, 2011) that ineffective audit committee monitoring and oversight functions lead to accounting irregularities, as a result of which the information contained in the financial statements may not display a true and fair view of the company’s earnings and financial position. When this occurs, the information is deceptive and lowers the caliber of financial reporting.
The majority of research, including those by Oyejide and Soyibo (2010), Temple (2016), and Hassan (2012), that look at how audit committee features affect the quality of financial reporting in Nigeria tend to concentrate on a small number of audit committee factors. Additionally, a significant finding from the literature is that Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria have not fully investigated the impact of audit committee characteristics on financial reporting quality. The bulk of studies that examine how audit committee characteristics affect the caliber of financial reporting in Nigeria, such as those by Oyejide and Soyibo (2010), Temple (2016), and Hassan (2012), tend to focus on a small number of audit committee elements. An important finding from the literature is also that Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria have not thoroughly looked at how audit committee characteristics affect the caliber of financial reporting.
With a focus on Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria, this study evaluates the impact of audit committee features on financial reporting quality. The study’s focus on DMBs is highly appropriate given that they have a diverse group of investors who require high-quality financial data on a regular basis in order to make wise economic decisions. Lack of high-quality financial reporting will not only mislead investors but also have an adverse impact on quality investment choices across the board, which will have an impact on national growth.
- Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of the study:
- To examine the effect of audit committee independence on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs.
- To investigate the effect of frequency of audit committee meeting on financial reporting quality listed Nigerian DMBs.
- To assess the effect of accounting expertise in audit committee on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs
- To determine the effect of female membership in audit committee on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs.
- Research Hypotheses
Based on the statement of the problem and objectives of the study, the following null hypotheses are developed and tested in the null form.
H01: Audit committee independence has no significant effect on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs.
H02: Audit committee meeting frequency has no significant effect on financial reporting quality of the listed Nigerian DMBs.
H03: Accounting expertise among audit committee has no significant effect on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs.
H04: Female membership in audit committee has no significant effect on financial reporting quality of listed Nigerian DMBs.
- Scope of the Study
The study covers only listed Deposit Money Bank (DMBs) in Nigeria which are listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. The study covers a period of eight (8) years (2013 to 2020). The period is chosen to enhance wide coverage of number of years after the enactment of the Code of Corporate Governance in Nigeria. The study is restricted to four variables (Audit Committee independence, Frequency of the Audit meeting, accounting expertise of the Audit committee members and female membership in audit committee) of audit committee characteristics with respect to their influence on financial reporting quality.
- Significance of the Study
The research will be important to the government, investors, corporate management, regulatory organizations, educators, accounting professional bodies, and researchers, especially in the fields of auditing and accounting. Investors will be able to restrict their checklist for evaluating the quality of financial reports, decisions, and judgment in the field of investing and financing since it will help them understand the direction of AC characteristics and the major impact it has on the quality of financial reporting.
Regulatory organizations, including CBN, stand to gain a great deal from this study because the results could point to gaps and weaknesses in the corporate governance code. The CBN will use the findings to enhance its oversight, surveillance, and enforcement of the code, particularly as it relates to AC. The Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria and accounting professional bodies may gain from the study in that it may help the council enhance the rules for professional body members and the reporting requirements for businesses.
The study is useful for researching and comprehending the impact of Audit committee characteristics and financial reporting quality in the banking industry for prospective researchers. Researchers, students, and educators can use the report as reference material. It will act as a standard for future study by improving the quality of the literature in the field.
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