Effect of Bacteria Load and Physicochemical Parameters of Wastewater in Samaru Stream
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ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the effect of sewage pollution on the physicochemical parameters and bacteria load composition of Samaru stream. A total of 20 samples were collected aseptically from five different stations using sterile containers from Samaru stream for four months (July-October, 2021). The total coliform was determined using the multiple tube fermentation technique and isolates were identified using biochemical analyses of results obtained from multiple tube fermentation technique. Samples from all the stations for the four months tested positive to total coliform presence. Bacteria count were ranged from 1.02×107CFU∕mlto 8.9×107 CFU∕mlwhich indicates that Samaru stream is highly contaminated. The biochemical analysis indicated the presence of the following bacteria isolates: Proteus sp (41%) has the highest percentage followed Aeromonasp (26%), Escherichia coli (18%) and Vibrosp (15%) has the least percentage of occurrence. There was significant difference in the mean variation in bacteria abundance and for some of the physicochemical parameters tested (pH and BOD). The predominant coliform bacteria isolated was Proteus sp (41%) and Aeromonasp (26%). There was significant difference (P<0.05) in physicochemical parameters such as pH and BOD. It can be concluded from this study that there is need to monitor the quality of the stream water before being discharged into the environment since potential pathogens were isolated and most of these isolates were multiple antibiotics resistant.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION.. ii
CERTIFICATION.. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. iv
ABSTRACT.. v
CHAPTER ONE.. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION.. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS. 3
1.3 JUSTIFICATIONS. 3
1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY.. 4
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.. 4
1.6 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY.. 4
CHAPTER TWO.. 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW… 5
2.1 STREAM WATER POLLUTION.. 5
2.2 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS. 7
2.2.1 pH.. 8
2.2.2 Temperature. 8
2.2.3 Alkalinity. 9
2.2.4 Biological Oxygen Demand. 9
2.3 Bacteria Contamination. 9
2.3.1 Bacteria Coliforms. 10
2.3.2 Indicator Organisms. 11
CHAPTER THREE.. 12
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS. 12
3.1 STUDY AREA.. 12
3.2 SAMPLING STATION.. 14
3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION. 14
3.3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 15
3.4.1 pH.. 15
3.4.2 Temperature. 15
3.4.3 Total Alkalinity. 15
3.4.4 Biological Oxygen demand. 16
3.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. 16
3.5.1 Preparation of media. 16
3.5.2 Coliform test 16
3.5.3 Completed test for faecal coliforms. 17
3.5.4 Gram’s staining. 17
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS. 17
CHAPTER FOUR.. 18
4.0 RESULTS. 18
4.1 physicochemical analysis. 18
4.2 Bacteria analysis. 19
CHAPTER FIVE. 23
5.0 DISCUSSION.. 23
5.1 CONCLUSION.. 25
RECOMMENDATION.. 26
REFERENCE. 27
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Global freshwater scarcity due to the pollution of water demands for integrating water management and monitoring all over the world (Szela et al. 2019). Physicochemical and microbial quality of river water is now in great stress by gulping a huge amount of industrial and household disposal (Haque et al., 2018). Water can be sourced from water bodies such as rivers, boreholes, lakes, springs and other large water bodies. However, the quality of water bodies can be adversely affected by man-made activities.
The presence of fecal coliforms in final effluents therefore confirms the presence of human pathogens in sewage water and the potential to contaminate natural water/environmental water resources (Osuolale and Okoh, 2015). As a result, fecal coliforms are often used as indicators for water quality and can provide valuable information on urban land use and potential routes of fecal contamination (Makuwa et al., 2020). E. coli is a preferred indicator organism to monitor the bacteriological quality of sewage water.
Pollution of freshwater bodies such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds are mostly experienced due to industrial discharge, municipal waste disposal and surface run-off (Adedireet al., 2021). Anthropogenic activities, such as discharges of domestic waste, untreated waste from sewage treatment plants, plastic materials, disposal of personal care products and household chemicals, improper disposal of car batteries, construction activities, mining activities, and pilgrim activities constantly deteriorate the water quality of rivers (Environmental Pollution Centers, 2018).
Water receives microorganism from air, soil, sewage, organic wastes, dead plants and animals; these may cause negative changes that need to be studied in other to improve the quality of such water (Young and Bredehoeft, 2013). A large number of microorganisms both saprophytes and pathogens are found in water which fall under the group bacteria, algae, protozoa and nematodes (Gulumbeet al., 2016). Several animal viruses are also transmitted through water (Gulumbeet al., 2016) The majority of bacteria found in water belong to the group fluorescent bacteria ( examples are; Pseudomonas, Alginomonas), chromogenic rod-like Xanthomonas, coli form group, non-gas forming, non-chromogenic and non -spore forming rods (Gulumbeet al., 2016).
Stream comprises liquid waste such as sewage, oil and chemicals. These waste waters contain a wide range of potential contaminants. Waste water contains offensive and potentially dangerous substances which are mostly of anthropogenic origin and causing pollution and contamination of receiving water bodies (Sule et al., 2016). Such deterioration in water bodies include an alteration in pH, increased turbidity, higher content of total dissolved solids and metals, as well as a higher risk of such water body hosting water-borne pathogens (Ananthakrishnan et al., 2012). Water-borne pathogens pose a great health risk to humans, animals and plants, most especially, infants, young children under the age of five and immunocompromised individuals (EPA, 2016; WHO, 2014).
The physicochemical impact on water quality of rivers other water sourced have been indicated by rise in conductivity, pollution of water bodies with nitrate, nitrite and soluble reactive phosphorus, by the appearance of tannin and lignin, and by the steady accumulation of inorganic and organic suspended matter along the river (Ologbosereet al., 2016). There has been significant impairment of rivers with pollutants, rendering the water unsuitable for beneficial purposes. Effective monitoring of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the stream can prevent water pollution and this type of initiative has a special significance to protect human health from water pollution (Haque et al., 2018).
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