EFFECT OF N:P:K AND POULTRY MANURE ON POPULATION OF RHIZOBIA BACTERIA, GROWTH AND YIELD OF COWPEA
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ABSTRACT
The impact of NPK and poultry manure on the rhizobia bacterial population, growth, and yield of cowpeas served as the foundation for the investigation. Due to the correspondingly poor yield of cowpea among smallholder farmers, there is a greater demand for biological elements to be integrated into the crop and recommendations for site-specific fertilizer. When fertilizer is administered incorrectly and at the wrong pace, it can be less effective than intended. On the other hand, a balanced nutrient treatment is required for rhizobia inoculant to boost crop output. Cowpeas’ reaction to rhizobia inoculation and fertilizer application showed that, unless supplemented with 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 20 kg K2O ha-1, inoculant application alone was insufficient to increase cowpea output. The yield response to mineral fertilizer also demonstrated the importance of K in determining cowpea production, indicating that it should not be excluded from fertilizer recommendations. The response of cowpea to various N rates, potential yield, and ideal sowing dates were all simulated using the CROPGRO – Cowpea model. Using information from the experiment conducted at Kwara (Ferric Lixisol) and Kano (Ferric Luvisol) during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons, the model was calibrated for the Omondaw cowpea cultivar. Using the RMSE (0.13 tons ha-1), CV (RMSE) (9.9%), and Wilmott index of agreement d (0.97), the model’s performance was statistically assessed. The model’s long-term seasonal analysis revealed that the ideal amount of nitrogen for ferric lixisol is 15 kilogram N ha-1, whereas the ideal amount for ferric lutesol is 20 kg N ha-1. In order to prevent crop failure, the Kwara sowing window was extended to July 26 with consideration for August 5, while the Kano sowing window was extended from July 11 to July 21. The yield gap analysis demonstrated that the yields obtained from farmers’ fields and climatic potential yields differ significantly. The yield gap (a measure of the difference between potential and research station yields) was 1.05 to 18% of potential yield, however the farmers field yield was 84.21% for Kwara soil and 79.55 % for Kano soil. Reducing the yield gap requires the use of fertilizer recommendations tailored to the specific site as well as strategic planting dates.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page———i
Certification———ii
Dedication———iii
Acknowledgment——–iv
Table of content—–.—v
List of table———vii
Abstract———ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction——–1
1.1 Statement of Problem………2
1.2 Objectives of the study——-3
1.4 Significant of Study————3
1.5 Definition of Terms————-3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0Literature Review—–4
2.1 External Morphology……..5
2.2 Climate………6
2.3 Soil Requirement……..6
2.4 Land Preparation……..6
2.5Sowing Cowpea……..7
2.6 Recommended Varieties…….7
2.7 Time of Planting……..7
2.9 Fertilization………8
2.10Disease and Pest of Cowpea and Their Control….9
2.11 Fertilizer………10
2.12 Inorganic Fertilizer (N.P.K 15:15:15)…..10
2.13 Poultry Manure……..11
2.14 Rhizobia………13
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Material and Method……15
3.1Site of Study……..15
3.2 Land preparation……..16
3.3 Soil Sampling……..16
3.4Analytical Method……..16
3.4.1Soil pH………17
3.4.2Particle Size Analysis…….17
3.4.3Size Distribution……..17
3.4.4Exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na and ECEC…..17
3.4.5Exchangeable Acidity…….18
3.5 Tilling/ Tillage Operations…….19
3.6 Sowing………20
3.7 Weeding………20
3.8 Collection of plant parameters……20
3.9Microbial Count Analysis Of The Plant Root [Bacteria]…20
3.10Data Analysis………22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0Result and Discussion…….23
4.1Emergence………23
4.2Height………..23
4.3Girth……….24
4.4 Leaf Number………25
4.5Leaf Area………26
4.6 Yields……….27
4.7 Nodule Count………28
4.8 Bacteria Isolates……..29
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary and Conclusion…….32
5.2 Recommendation……..32
REFERENCES………33
APPENDIX……….35
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a leguminious crop with a very vast importance and plays an active role in maintaining the ecosystem, nutrient requirement and the economy of many countries. A considerable amount of cowpea of more than 5.4 million tons are produced in the world annually with Africa producing nearly 5.2 million tons and Nigeria recorded as the greatest producers accounting for about 61% of cowpea production in Africa and 58% of the world cowpea production [IITA, 2009].
According to Wikipedia on Cowpea (2012), and IITA,( 2009); cowpea is one of the most important food legume crop in the semi arid tropics covering Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, and Central America and originated and domesticated in Southern Africa and Asia. [wikipedia/cowpea, 2012. IITA, 2009].
However, some constraint such as agro-ecological constraint, cultivation in marginal and sub marginal land, unpredictable and poor distributed rainfall, lack of soil fertility, seasonal constraint, low productivity, susceptible to pest and disease, flower shedding, tendril formation, lack of adaptive high yielding varieties have been reported to inhibit production of cowpea in some area [Maria et.al,2008].
The practice of shift cultivation to improve soil fertility and enhance production can no longer be sustained due to rapid increase in the world population. Therefore it is necessary to device an improved ways by which the soil fertility can be improved and sustained within the posible shortest time to ensure continual productivity.[ Ayoola et.al 2007]. The use of cover crop such as cowpea have been known to improve the physical , chemical and biological properties of soil.
N:P:K, a mineral fertilizer produced artificially consisting of equal proportion of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium which are primary macro minerals essential for optimum growth and development of plants. And also used to enhance the productivity of soil.
Poultry manure is an organic manure composed of feacal waste from domesticated birds [poultry] and wood shavings which is added to the soil to enhance the biological , physical and nutrient status of the soil.
Rhizobia are group of bacteria that forms association with the legumes and fix free atmospheric nitrogen to form useable by plants [Ovstyna,2005]. These organisms are usually enhanced by the presence of leguminious plants and organic matter in the soil [FAO, 2005].
Plants obtain nutrient from two natural sources i.e organic matter and inorganic minerals. Organic matter e.g poultry manure release its minerals to the soil through decomposition [FAO,2005]. In the decomposition process, both the soil nutrient and organism present in the soil is increased[Ingham,2000] And according to them, only carefully selected diversified cropping system or well managed mixed crop livestock system are able to maintain a balance in nutrient and organic matter supply and removal.
Changes in land use associated with deforestation and inappropriate land use management has had a negative impact on approximately 2 billion hectares of agricultural land [Pinstrup-Anderson and Pandy Lorch 1998]. Hence, need to improve the soil with organic and inorganic manure to bring about increased productivity. Some other researchers said that land degradation result in the productive decline of soil and can be attributed to changes in the physical, chemical [minerals], and biological attributes from some ideal state brought about by natural or anthropogenic influences [Latham 1994, Lal 1990].
1.1 Statement of Problem
Nigerian agricultural production areas employ a lot of chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers have contributed to the salinity of the soil, the breakdown of the soil’s structure, and the buildup of certain components. Furthermore, because of their detrimental impacts on soil and water, new options have been searched after. Remains from poultry can contaminate the environment and harm human health. Utilizing food legumes as system components greatly increased the production of the cereal components in real-world field settings. When legumes are cultivated alongside cereals that need additional nutrients in the form of NPK, their capacity to repair N2 will not stop fertilization; this will inevitably have a negative impact on the legumes’ nodulation and ability to fix N2. Therefore, it is essential to choose legumes that will maximize biological nitrogen fixation in accordance with the requirements and limitations of the cropping system and the area that will be used for cultivation. The effects of P application on cowpea growth and yield have been extensively studied (Owolade et al., 2006; Kolawole et al., 2002), but less is known about the combined effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on nodulation and the capacity of cowpea to fix nitrogen. Haruna et al. (2011) state that low soil fertility, minimal use of outside inputs, and low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in tropical African soils are the main causes of the low yields of cowpea in that region. In tropical Africa, cowpea is not frequently fertilized with mineral fertilizers despite low soil fertility because of a number of socioeconomic barriers, including farmers’ low financial standing (Partey & Thevathasan, 2013). Given this, it makes sense to fertilize cowpea with mineral fertilizers, especially N and P, which are vital nutrients that are severely lacking in tropical African soils. To understand how cowpea reacts to the application of N and P fertilizer, however, trials are necessary. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NPK and poultry manure on population of rhizobia bacteria, growth and yield of cowpea.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study is to verify the effects of poultry manure, N:P:K: 15:15;15 and N.P.K/poultry manure combined on growth and production of cowpea as well as on the soil bacteria (rhizobia).
1.3 Hypotheses of the study
The above specific objectives were formulated to test the following null hypotheses:
- nutrient uptake, growth and grain yield of cowpea is not influenced by inoculant, P and K fertilizer application,
- growth and yield of cowpea in the Guinea and Sudan Savanna zones of Nigeria is not affected by the application of NPK fertilizer, potential yield, yield gap, best sowing date, growth and yield of cowpea cannot be simulated using CROPGRO – cowpea DSSAT model
1.4 Significant of Study
The findings of the study will show if there is a need to apply N to cowpea planted in the same fertility status fields as shown in the present study.
The study will recommend the most productive system at different fertility sources combination of organic, synthetic and bio-fertilizers.
It will also outline the residual effect of the cropping systems and fertility treatments on the soil and subsequent crop in the study area.
The study will add to the available body of literature on the of NPK and poultry manure on population of rhizobia bacteria, growth and yield of cowpea.
It will serve as a reference materials to future scholars and academia who are interested in this area of research.
1.5 Definition of Terms
Bacteria: Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that have only one cell. The word for just one is “bacterium.” Millions (if not billions) of different types of bacteria can be found all over the world, including in your body.
N-P-K: These are chemical compounds abbreviations for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
Manure: Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil.
Poultry: Poultry can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs.
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