GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA
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ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on government strategies and management of security challenges in Nigeria. Following a careful review of existing literature, in spite of the growing security issues in Nigeria, there are limited academic works thus limiting in-depth insight into key areas of security concerns. This study used a mixed research design which combines the collective use of qualitative and quantitative data methodology. From these findings, the study identifies evidence linking different group causes of the security issues and also loophole in the available policies. Such awareness can help the Nigerian Government, NGOs, International Organisations and other interested bodies improve policies for security challenges especially in developing diverse nationals.Although, previous studies restrict findings to, identifying one cause of security challenges. The study showed that corruption especially in publicoffices is to a large extent a problem in the security system, the government needs to implement more rigid laws that allow the persecution of public office holders during their term in office, this will allow for the better management of greed and an improved execution of duties while in office. The judiciary and the executive tier of government should also rule out any form of double standards regarding mitigating and enforcing of corruption basedoffences.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 CRISIS TRANSITION
2.3 CONTEMPORARY SECURITY CHALLENGES IN A DEMOCRATIC STATE
2.4 TERRORISM AND ITS IMPLICATION
2.5 CORRUPTION
2.6 DIVERSITY THEORY: MULTICULTURALISM
2.7 GOVERNMENT POLICY REFORMS ON SECURITY ISSUES
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.3 SOURCES OF DATA
3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLING OF THE STUDY
3.5 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
3.6 INSTRUMENTATION
3.7 VALIDITY
3.8 RELIABILITY
3.9 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.10 DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 UNDERSTANDING OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA
4.3 CAUSES OF INSECURITY
4.4 FINDINGS FROM THE LIKERT SCALE
4.5 FINDINGS FROM THE RATING SCALE
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The freedom from danger, care intimidation, apprehension, the feeling or assurance of safety, peace of mind or absence of fear, and the certainty or assurance of the good life or welfare – constitutes one of the fundamental objectives and indeed the foremost responsibility of every government and the state. In Nigeria, the constitution unequivocally spelt out as a fundamental objective and directive principle of state policy that “the security and welfare of the people (of Nigeria) shall be the primary purpose of government” (Section 14 (2) (b) Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999). Nigeria in recent times has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. No wonder national security has become an issue for government, prompting huge allocation of the national budget to security. According to Azazi (2011), in order to check the crime rate in Nigeria, the federal government has embarked on criminalization of terrorism by passing the anti-terrorism Act in 2011, installation of computer-based Closed Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) in some parts of the country, enhancement of surveillance as well as investigation of criminal related offences, heightening of physical security measures around the country aimed at determining or disrupting potential attacks, strengthening of security agencies through the provision of security facilities and the development and broadcast of security tips in mass media. Despite these efforts, the level of insecurity in Nigeria is still high and the country has been consistently ranked low in the Global Peace Index (GPI, 2012), signifying poor state of insecurity in the country as indicated.
The term security has been used to mean protection against or safety from a future risk of severe deprivation, injury or death and requires rules, order and impartial adjudication and application. Security according to Achumba, Ighomereho & Akpo-Robaro (2013) refers to a situation that exists as a result of the establishment of measure for the protecting of persons, information and property against hostile persons, influences and actions. It is the existence of conditions within which people in a society can go about their normal daily activities without any threat to their lives or properties. It embraces all measures designed to protect and safeguard the citizenry and the resources of individuals, groups, businesses and the nation against sabotage or violent occurrence (Achumbo et al, 2013). Security is the protection against all forms of harm whether physical, economic or psychological. It is however argued that security may not be absence of threats or security issues but the ability to rise to the challenges posed by threats with expediency and expertise. Security cannot therefore exist without provision for national security. Aggressive and repressive states can be major sources of human insecurity and a greater source of human suffering.
Despite the increased usage of this concept, many bodies are still clueless as to what actually constitutes human security. The end of the World War II is seen by many as the beginning of global peace and stability. This period witness the arrival of the United Nations, an organised International body which marked the start of an enhanced form of global governance.
However, a single generally accepted definition of Security has not been produced, and according to former United Nations’ Secretary General Kofi Annan, the new security threats broaden the meaning of the concept of security (Annan, 2001). This threat has also, to a large extent shaped policy response by the nature of war and conflict between nations.
Security challenges are both an issue in developing as well as in developed countries. Several efforts are made to resolve security concerns globally. However, despite the increased struggle to solve security issues, a majority of the world’s population are still faced with preventable internal security challenges; this is mainly in Africa and the Middle East. For many countries, achieving development is not only dependent on economic ability, and asset management but also the state of security of affairs within and outside its horizon.
It can be argued that the essence of maintaining peace and security is for the wellbeing of people in a society. According to the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) 2005 report, the cause of security issues in Africa lies in most of her countries’ weak state centric concept of security.
Kim et al suggest that low levels of human development increases the risk of conflict outbreaks and recurrence; therefore this implies that to prevent conflict more projects are to be embarked on to promote human development and this will in turn reflect on the overall security of the country. The protection of lives especially at the grassroots’ level is crucial to the overall security of a nation.
National security is concerned about those governmental institutions that seek to ensure the physical protection and safety of their citizens, their equal access to the law and protection of from abuse. There are two sets of government systems and institutions concerned with national security. The first component consists of the traditional instruments of national security, namely: the criminal justice system (police, justice and correctional services/prisons) the military and the intelligence community. The second and more important, relates to the nature of governance, its institutions and rules, norms and values that underpin it – as well as the efficacy thereof (Thamos, 2008).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Fulani herdsmen attack and farmers clashes has brought a lot of problems to our society including Nigeria. These include death, tears, destruction and so on. The way it is it seems our government has not acted significantly to put this security challenges to an end. Ese Otite of Nigerian National News asked “is the government waiting for all her citizens to fizzle out, before they can take a decisive step to curb the activities of this extremist group? What are the security agencies doing? Or do we say maybe those in power have not been affected either because they and their families move about with convoys filled with security personnel?”
Nigeria is going down a path never seen in her history. It’s a pretty dangerous path, one that the whole world is watching. People are afraid of their safety. At a time, we taught our problem was corruption and power failure, but now security has taken over. With what is happening the President should come out strong and call the shots, he has to face the security challenges. It is very clear that not enough is being done to address their security menaces of the Fulani herdsmen. All they now do is to promote their own religion instead of protecting Nigeria. This government should as a matter of national urgency overhaul our security system. Nigeria occupies an enviable position in the world with abundant natural and human resources. The government should look deeper in order to find a lasting solution to this carnage. Moreover, the truth must be told, we lack the sophisticated weapons to suppress the crisis in the custody of the extremists/criminals. Also, there is inadequate manpower; the number of the extremists/criminals is insignificant.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- To examine the security challenges inNigeria.
- To examine the possible causes of security challenges inNigeria.
- What can be done to counter the security challenges inNigeria.
- What is the highest form of security concern in thecountry.
- To examine the roles played by the government in ensuringsecurity.
1.4 RESEARCHQUESTIONS
- What are the security challenges inNigeria?
- What are the possible causes of security challenges inNigeria?
- What can be done to counter the security challenges inNigeria?
- What is the highest form of security concern in thecountry?
- What roles does the government play in ensuringsecurity?
1.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
- Nigeria isinsecure
- Cultural and religious diversity are used for politicalgains;
- Corruption is dominant in the day to day activities in thecountry;
- The security challenges limit the nation’s economicgrowth.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is expected to be of immense help to the government, security personnel and Nigerian Security Council as well as policy makers. It may also be of help to improve upon security management in our society in Akwa Ibom State. The result of this study is expected to provide data for planning, as well as provide additional stock of security data for other researchers, who might find it relevant and useful in their enquiries.
The study will fill the gap of knowledge of what has not been done by the past researchers who conducted almost similar study with regard to security management. The researcher will offer solutions to some practical or theoretical problems. This work also will be of benefit to the tertiary institution students, Ministry of Education and teachers, Parents and Guardians.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study was delimited to government Strategies and the management of security challenges in Nigeria a case study of Fulani Herdsmen. However, the study used Itu Local government as a study area.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Difficulty in gathering materials especially relevant to the study was a challenge since the study is not common. This caused scarcity of relevant research materials from local papers. Hence, the researcher had to rely greatly on the foreign materials in order to put up this work.
Another challenge faced by the researcher was lack of fund and limited time for the undertaking and submission of this work.
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