Influence of Broadcast Media as Propaganda Machinery by State Government
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Table of Contents
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of Contents vi
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Objectives of Study 4
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 5
1.6 Scope of Study 5
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 6
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Conceptual Review
2.2 Empirical Framework 7
2.3 Theoretical Framework 24
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design 26
3.2 Research Method 26
3.3 Study Population 27
3.4 Sample Size 27
3.5 Sampling Technique 27
3.6 Administration of Data Collection Instrument 27
3.7 Validity and Reliability of Research Instrument 27
3.8 Data Collection Instrument 28
3.9 Data Analysis Method 28
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Analysis and Presentation 29
4.1 Data Analysis 29
4.2 Demography of the Participants 29
4.3 Discussion of Findings 39
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations 40
5.1 Summary 41
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendations 41
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
One of the most widely used cliches regarding mass media control in Nigeria and other countries is “He who pays the piper dictates the tune,” which refers to the ownership of a mass media channel controlling what and how the medium broadcasts. News organs are agents of the people who exercise political and economic control, regardless of the government’s good intentions, the society’s democratic ideals, or the advancement of any society. The mass media are typically subject to some form of control from those who hold and operate the apparatus of power (Andrew (2009).
Any medium’s content depends critically on its ownership, suggesting a relationship between ownership, content, and the characteristics of the medium. The owner’s personality, passions, and goals for the medium all influence the nature of ownership itself. Propaganda, according to Ebeze (2003), isn’t made up of myths and lies. It works with a variety of truths, including incomplete, constrained, and uncontextualized truths.
News is the primary medium via which propaganda is disseminated, although it also functions through public communication. Propaganda news is a common tool used by state rulers and their operatives to control the public through broadcast media. Nigerian state administrations, cognizant of the notion that “the media shape how the public thinks,” make extensive and detrimental use of propaganda apparatus.
Nonetheless, broadcast media, which includes television and radio, are effective tools that governments utilize to spread knowledge, sway public opinion, and affect political results. State governments in Nigeria have long controlled the narrative and shaped public opinion by using the broadcast media as propaganda tools. This study investigates how Nigerian state governments use the broadcast media as a tool for propaganda and the effects this has on the nation’s democracy and governance.
Although press freedom and freedom of expression are guaranteed by the Nigerian constitution, state governments have developed means to exert control over the broadcast media that fall under their purview. Establishing state-owned, directly government-controlled radio and television stations is one of the most popular methods they accomplish this. These channels are utilized to disseminate official propaganda and further the policies of the ruling party (Umaru, 2017).
For instance, the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) sanctioned Ekiti State Broadcasting Service in 2018 for televising a live broadcast featuring the state’s governor, which the NBC deemed to be furthering the goal of the opposition party. According to Adesina (2018), the sentence was perceived as an attempt to control the narrative and muzzle critics.
In order to control the narrative and influence public opinion, state administrations in Nigeria employ broadcast media as propaganda tools. Opposition voices are muted or repressed while government policies and programs are promoted on state-owned radio and television channels.
It is impossible to overestimate the effect this has on the nation’s democracy and administration. The democratic process and public confidence in the government are damaged when the broadcast media is exploited as a propaganda tool. Furthermore, it restricts the media’s capacity to protect the public interest and hold the government responsible.
Civil society in Nigeria is greatly impacted by state governments’ use of broadcast media as propaganda tools. It restricts civil society organizations’ capacity to function autonomously and hold the government responsible. Furthermore, it fosters a climate of fear and intimidation that prevents people from criticizing the administration (Adejumo, 2019).
Broadcast media in Nigeria is generally used by state governments as propaganda tools, which weakens public confidence in government institutions and the democratic process. It suppresses the voices of the opposition and restricts the media’s capacity to hold the government responsible. The Nigerian government must uphold the freedom of the press and expression and foster an atmosphere that supports independent reporting and democratic principles. In light of this, the study evaluates broadcast media as tools of propagandists, concentrating especially on Osun State Broadcasting Corporation (OSBC).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study is out to examine broadcast media as propaganda machinery by the state government. It is a common phenomenon in Nigeria to see the state governments controlling the affairs of broadcast media, especially for political campaigns, elections, news, and programmes. In fact, hardly would the opposition parties can be heard, because of this absolute media control, the attitude of opposition parties and other enlightened citizen is that the state government has turned its broadcast media into an extension of the Ministry of Information meaning that almost every news, programmes, and other current affairs are tailored to praise the state government.
It has great potential in information dissemination, education enlightenment, political socialization, and socio-cultural orientation. Most people form their opinions based on what they learned from the mass media. i.e. media set the agenda for the public. Ebeze (2000:221). Therefore, the problem of this study is that state government control of broadcast media can cause opinion formation, information need, education, and political socialization of those who expose themselves to state broadcast media.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1. To examine the level of state government involvement in censoring the contents and outputs of OSBC.
2. To examine the extent to which journalists working in state government-owned media are given free hands to operate professionally.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the level of the state government involvement in censoring the contents and outputs of OSBC?
2. To what extent journalists working in OSBC are given free hands to operate professionally?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study on broadcast media as propaganda machinery holds significant importance due to several reasons:
Understanding Media Influence: It provides insights into the power and influence of broadcast media in shaping public opinion, manipulating information, and controlling narratives. By examining the techniques and strategies employed by propaganda machinery, the study helps uncover the mechanisms through which media can sway public perceptions and beliefs.
Safeguarding Democracy: Investigating the role of broadcast media as propaganda machinery is crucial for safeguarding democratic processes. By understanding how media can be used to manipulate public discourse, decision-making, and political participation, policymakers and society can develop countermeasures to protect democratic values, promote transparency, and ensure an informed citizenry.
Media Literacy Enhancement: The study highlights the importance of media literacy in critically evaluating and interpreting information disseminated by broadcast media. It emphasizes the need for individuals to develop skills to discern biased or misleading content, fostering a more informed and discerning media audience.
Awareness of Manipulation Techniques: By identifying the techniques and strategies employed by a propaganda machinery, the study increases awareness among the general public about the potential manipulation they may encounter in media messages. This knowledge empowers individuals to approach media content critically and reduces susceptibility to manipulation.
Policy Development and Regulation: Findings from the study can inform the development of policies and regulations aimed at promoting ethical journalism, protecting media independence, and countering the negative effects of propaganda machinery. It provides a foundation for creating guidelines and frameworks that balance freedom of expression with responsible media practices. The result of the study will serve as reference material for further studies on the subject matter and it’s related.
Overall, the study on broadcast media as propaganda machinery contributes to a deeper understanding of media’s impact on society and informs efforts to mitigate the negative consequences while preserving the positive aspects of media communication.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The research investigates broadcast media as propaganda machinery by the state government. The research has been narrowed down to Osun State Broadcasting Corporation (OSBC). Hence, the geographical location is Osun State. The choice of Osun State Broadcasting Corporation (OSBC) is because it is difficult to study all broadcast media in Osun State and Nigeria by extension due to a large number of the state broadcast media, inadequate time for this study, limited resources, and other reasonable logistics.
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