INVESTIGATION OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA AND ITS APPLICATION IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
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ABSTRACT
The behavior of fluid flow within porous media remains a cornerstone of study in the realm of petroleum engineering. This research delves into the fundamental principles governing fluid dynamics within subsurface rock formations, emphasizing their implications for hydrocarbon extraction. Starting with the seminal Darcy’s Law, the investigation navigates through the intricacies of porosity, permeability, and fluid-rock interactions, all of which dictate reservoir behavior. Advanced reservoir simulations, grounded in these principles, enable the Hiprediction of reservoir lifespan and yield. Furthermore, this study underscores the significance of understanding these dynamics in the modern era of unconventional reservoirs, where conventional fluid flow principles often encounter complexities. With the petroleum industry’s shift towards such reservoirs, the importance of refining our knowledge, backed by computational tools and real-world data, becomes paramount. This research not only offers insights into fluid flow behavior but also paves the way for more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally conscious hydrocarbon extraction methodologies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.. ii
CERTIFICATION.. iii
DEDICATION.. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. v
ABSTRACT.. vi
CHAPTER ONE.. 1
INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.1 Background of the study. 1
1.2 Motivation of the study. 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study. 3
1.4 Scope of the Study. 3
1.5 Method of Approach. 4
1.6 Basic Concept 4
1.6.1 Nature of porous media. 4
1.6.2 Fluid flow dynamics. 5
1.6.3 Types of fluids. 5
1.6.4 Driving forces for fluid movement 5
CHAPTER TWO.. 6
LITERATURE REVIEW… 6
2.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media. 6
2.1.1 Darcy’s law and permeability. 6
2.1.2 Porosity. 7
2.1.3 Saturation. 7
2.1.4 Capillary pressure. 8
2.2 Applications in Petroleum Engineering. 9
2.2.1 Reservoir characterization. 9
2.3 Fluid Flow Behavior in Different Rock Types. 10
2.3.1 Sandstone Reservoirs. 11
2.3.2 Carbonate reservoirs. 11
2.3.3 Shale formations. 12
2.3.4 Unconventional reservoirs. 12
2.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques. 13
2.4.1 Water flooding. 13
2.4.2 Gas injection. 13
2.4.3 Chemical flooding. 14
CHAPTER THREE.. 15
METHODOLOGY.. 15
3.1 Overview.. 15
3.2 Using Laplace Transform Method. 15
3.3 Using He-Laplace Method. 17
CHAPTER FOUR.. 20
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 20
4.1 Introduction. 20
4.2 Analysis. 20
CHAPTER FIVE.. 28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 28
5.1 Summary. 28
5.2 Conclusion. 28
5.3 Recommendations. 29
REFERENCES. 30
APPENDICES. 31
Appendix 1: Code for the Variation of velocity with time. 31
Appendix 2: Variation of skin friction for (T0=0). 31
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss the background of the study, motivation of the study, research aims and objectives, scope of the study and method of approach.
1.1 Background of the study
The study of fluid dynamics within porous media forms the foundation of numerous applications in engineering and environmental science. The complexity of the interactions between fluids and porous materials, especially in subsurface environments, has many interested researchers, leading to advancements in both theoretical and practical aspects of the field.
Porous media refer to materials composed of a solid framework interspersed with spaces or pores. These pores, often filled with fluids, create a complex interaction of solid-fluid interactions. When subjected to differential pressures, these fluids move or flow, following principles that have been the subject of scientific investigation for many decades. Porous media are widespread in nature, characterized by a solid matrix penetrated by interconnected voids or pores. These pores can be filled with fluids such as water, oil, or gas. The nature and structure of these pores, along with the characteristics of the fluids they contain, play a crucial role in determining how these fluids move or behave under various conditions.The movement of oil and gas in subsurface reservoirs, primarily porous rock formations, determines how efficiently these resources can be extracted.In the realm of petroleum engineering, understanding fluid flow in porous media is pivotal.
Reservoirs are inherently heterogeneous, with variations in porosity, permeability, and fluid saturations. Understanding these variables and their interplay determines the success of recovery strategies, reservoir management, and by extension, the economic viability of extraction operations. The field of petroleum engineering has always been tightly intertwined with the principles of fluid flow in porous media. Traditional reservoirs often having higher permeabilities, allowed for relatively predictable fluid flow. However, as these conventional sources began to deplete, the industry’s attention shifted to more complex, unconventional reservoirs like tight rocks, shales, and tar sands. These reservoirs, characterized by their low permeability, presented unique challenges and made the understanding of fluid flow even more critical.This research aims to explore the behavior of fluids in porous media and its implications in petroleum engineering.
1.2Motivations of the study
- environmentalconsiderations:With increasing global emphasis on environmental preservation, there’s an urgent need to minimize wasteful practices and environmental hazards in petroleum extraction. Understanding fluid flow aids in the efficient design of EOR techniques, potentially reducing water usage, minimizing carbon dioxide emissions, and lessening the ecological footprint of oil and gas operations.
- academic and research enrichment:From an academic perspective, the study of fluid flow in porous media contributes to the enrichment of scientific knowledge. It bridges theoretical principles with real-world applications, fostering innovation and training future generations of petroleum engineers and geoscientists.
1.3Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of the project work is to investigate the fluid flow in porous media and its application in petroleum engineering.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
- to investigate the fundamental principles governing fluid flow in porous media (including Darcy’s law), permeability, and porosity.
- to provide insights and recommendations for improving reservoir performance and enhancing oil recovery techniques.
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