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PREVALENCE OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS CO-INFECTION WITH SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG PUPILS IN JABA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

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Abstract

UrinaryschistosomiasisandSalmonellabacteraemiaareincreasinghealthburdensamong African children. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of urinaryschistosomiasisanditsco-infectionwithSalmonellaspeciesamongstpupilsin JabaLGA,Kaduna State, Nigeria. Atotalof505pupilsvoluntarilyparticipatedinthestudy.Ten (10) ml urine and 2ml blood samples were collected from each pupil. Theurine samples were examined microscopically forSchistosoma haematobium egg(s)while count/10mlof urine was recorded.Packed cellvolumewasdetermined. Bloodand urine samples were pre-enriched in Selenite-F broth and Brilliant Green Bile brothandculturedonSalmonellaShigellaAgarandXylose-Lysine-Desoxycholate.ResultsweresubjectedstatisticalanalysesatP=0.05.Overallprevalenceofurinaryschistosomiasiswas12.3%.TherewasabsenceofSalmonellaspeciesfromallthesamples,hencenoco-infectionofSchistosomahaematobiumandSalmonellaspp.Allthe blood cultures had no bacterial growth but seven different Gram-negative bacteriawere isolated from the urine samples. Urinary schistosomiasis was most prevalent invillages:Bitaro(23.2%),Ankun(22.2%)andKwoi(20.3%).Therewashigheroccurrence of urinary schistosomiasis among the female (15.5%) than in the male pupils(9.1%).Mean intensity in the female pupils (4.18±1.202eggs/10ml) was significantlyhigher (P≤0.05) compared to 1.22±0.500eggs/10ml in the male. Pupils within 4-6 yearswere not infected,but those within 13-15 years had the highest prevalence of 27.9%withmean intensity of 9.97±3.915eggs/10ml of urine. Prevalence of anaemia was 8.1%.Painful micturition, red-colouredurine, ‗Fadama‘ farming and anaemia were statisticallyassociated with urinary schistosomiasis(P ≤ 0.05, OR >1).There was no awareness ofschistosomiasisamongthestudypopulation.Fromthisstudy,thefemalepupilsweremoreinfectedwithurinaryschistosomiasisinJabaLGAofKadunaState,Nigeria

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Statementof ResearchProblem…………………………………………………………………… 4
Justification………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
ResearchNull Hypothesis (H₀)…………………………………………………………………….. 6

CHAPTERTWO

LITERATUREREVIEW…………………………………………………………………………… 7
Morphology ofSchistosoma species…………………………………………………………….. 7
Historyand Epidemiology ofSchistosomiasis………………………………………………… 7
- Lifecycleand Transmission ofSchistosomaspecies……………………………………….. 9
Riskfactorsand demographicsassociated withschistosomiasis………………………. 11
Clinicalpresentations ofschistosomiasis………………………………………………………. 11
- Complicationsof schistosomiasis…………………………………………………………… 13
Diagnosisandidentification of urinaryschistosomiasis………………………………….. 15
ImmunityagainstSchistosomes……………………………………………………………………. 16
ControlandPrevention ofSchistosomiasis…………………………………………………….. 17
Salmonellaspecies……………………………………………………………………………………… 18
- Salmonellosis………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
- Clinicalpresentations ofsalmonellosis…………………………………………………….. 20
- Diagnosisof salmonellosis…………………………………………………………………….. 22
Salmonellainpublic health………………………………………………………………………… 26
- Transmissionof Salmonella…………………………………………………………………… 26
- Antibioticresistanceof Salmonella………………………………………………………… 27
- Schistosoma-Salmonellaco-infection/association in humanhost……………….. 27
- Controlandprevention of salmonellosis…………………………………………………… 29

CHAPTERTHREE

MATERIALSAND METHODS…………………………………………………………………. 30
StudyArea………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
StudyDesign……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
EthicalApproval and Consent……………………………………………………………………. 31
StudyPopulation……………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
SampleSizeDetermination…………………………………………………………………………. 33
CollectionofSamples………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
- Structuredquestionnairesadministration………………………………………………….. 34
- UrinesamplesCollection……………………………………………………………………….. 34
- BloodsamplesCollection…………………………………………………………………….. 34
- Preparationand Transportation of Samples……………………………………………… 34
LaboratoryExaminationofSamples…………………………………………………………….. 35
- Determinationofpackedcell volume……………………………………………………….. 35
- Pre-enrichmentof bloodsamplesforthe isolation ofSalmonellaspp……………. 35
- Isolationof Salmonellasppand othergram-negativebacteriafrom urine………. 36
- Detectionand quantification ofhaematobiumeggs in urine…………………….. 37
BiochemicalTests……………………………………………………………………………………… 37
- Patternofsugarfermentation andreactions on TSI medium…………………………. 37
- Indoleproduction, motilityand decarboxylationreactions…………………………… 38
- Methylred (MR) andVogesProskauer(VP) Tests…………………………………….. 38
- Citrateutilisation test……………………………………………………………………………. 39
- Urease(production) test………………………………………………………………………… 39
- Oxidasetest………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
StatisticalAnalysis ofDataand Results Presentation……………………………………. 40

CHAPTERFOUR

4.0RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

CHAPTERFIVE

5.0DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………………………. 64

CHAPTERSIX

CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………… 73
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………………… 74

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 75

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86

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PREVALENCE OF URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND ITS CO-INFECTION WITH SALMONELLA SPECIES AMONG PUPILS

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