Proximate Analysis, Phytochemical Screening And Characterisation Of Solanum Aethiopicum
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ABSTRACT
This study conducted the proximate, minerals, phytochemicals and Fourier transform infrared analysis of edible portions methanol extract of Solanum aethiopicum using standard and atomic absorption spectroscopic methods respectively. From the results obtained, Solanum aethiopicum depicted the highest moisture content and carbohydrate 70.8 and 18.5% compared to other parameters. While Ash and crude fibre content was found to be 5.7 and 2.9 % while crude protein and lipid were found to be 1.5 and 0.65% respectively, There were significant concentrations of magnesium, Sodium and iron (8.24, 11.16 and 8.50 mg/g) respectively. Therefore, the results of the edible portion of Solanum aethiopicum showed good values of proximate composition and some mineral content. The Phytochemicals screening of Solanum aethiopicum of the ethanol extract detected the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and Saponin. Also some important functional groups such as –NH2, -COOH, -OH and –CHO were also identified from the FTIR spectrum.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL PAGE iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems 2
1.3 Significance of the Study 2
1.4 Aim and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.2 Classification of Solanum aethiopicum 5
2.3 Characterisation and Ecophysiology 5
2.4 Biodiversity and Conservation 7
2.5 Genetics and Breeding 8
2.6 Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities 9
2.7 Importance of Vegetable 10
2.8 Nutrient Composition of These Vegetables 11
2.9 Proximate Composition 11
2.9.1 Carbohydrates (CHO) 11
2.9.2 Fibres 12
2.9.3 Moisture 13
2.9.4 Ash 13
2.9.5 Fat 14
2.10 Minerals 14
2.11 Manganese 16
2.12 Sodium 16
2.13 Iron 17
2.14 Phytochemical Screening 18
CHAPTER THREE 19
3.0 Methodology 19
3.1.1 Reagents 19
3.1.2 Apparatus 20
3.2 Methods 21
3.2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation 21
3.2.2 Proximate Analysis 22
3.2.3 Determination of Moisture Content 22
3.2.4 Determination of Ash Content 22
3.2.5 Determination of Crude Fibre Content 23
3.2.6 Determination of Crude Lipid Content 23
3.2.7 Determination of Protein Content 24
3.2.8 Determination of Carbohydrate Content 25
3.3 Estimation of Sodium, Iron and Manganese 25
3.3.1 Determination of minerals 25
3.4 Phytochemical Screening of Extracts 26
3.4.1 Test for Tannins 26
3.4.2 Test for Saponins 26
3.4.3 Test for Flavonoids 26
3.4.4 Test for Phenol 26
3.4.5 Test for Carbohydrates 26
3.4.6 Test for alkaloids 27
3.5 Functional Groups Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer 27
CHAPTER FOUR 28
4.1 RESULTS 28
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 32
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion 33
5.3 Recommendations 34
References 35
APPENDIX I 44
APPENDIX II 49
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Vegetables
All human diets should include vegetables, and some vegetable species have special significance due to their nutritional and therapeutic benefits as well as their abundance in vitamins, minerals, phytochemical substances, and dietary fiber (Kamga et al., 2013). One of the most popular fruits and vegetables in tropical Africa is the African eggplant (Solanum ethiopian) (Bonus et al., 1998).Africa consumes the horticulture crop species Solanum aethiopicum because it is rich in nutrients. For many individuals, the crop provides a significant source of food. In order to make stews and soups, the fruits and leaves are used. Due to the phytochemicals it contains, which also serve as a rich supply of essential macro and micronutrients, it is used to cure several disorders. Thus, it has promise as a treatment for unspoken hunger. One of the most popular vegetables in Africa is the crop in question (Bukenya and Carasco, 2009).Asthma, nasal catarrh, skin infections, rheumatic disease and swelling joint pains, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, constipation dyspepsia, and other conditions are only a few of the conditions they are used to treat in indigenous medicine (Chinedu et al., 2011). Ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, both of which are potent antioxidants, are said to be present in eggplant fruit (Anaso, 2009). In addition to being used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, cardiac debility, cholera, bronchitis, and asthma, extracts obtained from the skin of eggplant fruit have been shown to have a high capacity in scavenging superoxide free radicals. They also inhibit the generation of hydroxyl radicals by chelating ferrous iron (Lester, 2008).It is also a natural source of vitamin A, which is known to be essential for maintaining eye health and playing a significant role in vision (Padulosi et al., 2013).
1.2 Statement of the Problems
Africa consumes the horticulture crop species Solanum aethiopicum because it is rich in nutrients. The safety of these veggies as a food source has drawn widespread public attention. Research on the dangers of eating foods contaminated by pesticides, heavy metals, and toxins that are produced either naturally as part of the plant or artificially as a result of environmental pollution in areas where these plants are being grown has been stimulated over the past few decades by the rising demand for food safety (Mwinuka et al., 2021). A plant’s and its fruits’ nutritional value must be determined based on the amount of vitamins, lipids and oils, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins that are necessary for both human and animal growth and development (Prasad & Prakash, 2011).
1.3 Significance of the Study
For both rural and urban inhabitants in Africa, Solanum aethiopicum is a crucial vegetable. When compared to other vegetables, the crop is said to be high in macro and micronutrients, making it ideal for guaranteeing food and nutritional security. The plant is traditionally used to cure human skin infections, high blood pressure, diabetes, cholera, and uterine issues. In contrast, the fruits from were said to contain high-quality protein with higher levels of 15 out of the 17 amino acids identified in the latter (Padulosi et al., 2002).
The heavy metal composition of the three different species’ aqueous extracts varied, with only iron, zinc, and magnesium ions showing a significant variance (Ebert, 2014).
1.4 Aim and Objectives
Aim
This study’s objectives included phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and FTIR characterisation of Solanum aethiopicum methanol extract.
Objectives
- To conduct proximate analysis of Solanum aethiopicum.
- To extract the phytochemicals using methanol
- To carry out phytochemical screening of Solanum aethiopicum extract
- To characterize Solanum aethiopicum extract using FTIR.
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