PROXIMATE AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF FIVE（5）VARIETIES OF INDIGENOUS BEANS CONSUMED IN KADUNA STATE
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Abstract
The proximate compositions and other nutritional compositions of five varieties of indigenous beans consumed in Kaduna State, Nigeria were determined. The beans were: (1) Ata Din Din, (2) Ata Hema, (3) Ata Idodo, (4) Ata Shadara, and (5) Ata Shanu. The results showed that the beans had a wide range of proximate compositions, with moisture content ranging from 7.5% to 11.5%, crude protein content ranging from 16.5% to 23.5%, crude fat content ranging from 1.0% to 2.5%, crude fiber content ranging from 3.5% to 6.5%, and ash content ranging from 2.0% to 3.5%. The beans were also a good source of minerals, with potassium, calcium, and iron being the most abundant.
The results of this study suggest that indigenous beans are a valuable source of nutrients and could play an important role in improving the nutritional status of the people of Kaduna State. Further studies are needed to investigate the bioavailability of the nutrients in these beans and to develop strategies to promote their consumption.
Contents
Abstract 1
CHAPTER ONE. 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 2
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS. 5
1.2 JUSTIFICATION.. 5
1.3 AiM AND OBJECTIVE. 5
1.3.1 AIM.. 5
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES. 5
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMiTATION.. 6
CHAPTER TWO.. 7
LITERATURE REVIEW… 7
2.0 Introduction. 7
2,2 DIETARY FIBER.. 9
2.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BLACK , RED, LiMA AND KIDNEY BEANS. 9
2.3 CALORIES. 10
2.4 ARE A SOURCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN BEANS. 10
2.5 LIPID CONTENT IN BEANS. 11
2.6 VITAMIN AND MiNERALS IN BEANS. 11
2.7 BEANS ARE PROVIDE COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE. 11
2,8 AMINO ACIDS CONTENT IN BEANS. 12
2.9 BEANS THERAPY.. 13
2,2,1 COMPLICATION OF BEANS. 13
CHAPTER THREE. 14
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 14
3.1 APPATUS AND REAGENTS. 14
3.2 METHODS. 14
3.2.1 SAMPLES COLLECTION.. 14
3.2.2 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS. 14
3.2.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION.. 14
3.2.2.2 ASH DETERMINATION.. 15
3.2.2.3 CRUDE PROTEIN DETERMINATION.. 16
3.2.2.4 DIGESTION OF SAMLE. 16
3.2.2.5 CRUDE LIPID DETERMINTION.. 16
3.2.2.6 CRUDE FIBRE DETERMINATOIN.. 17
3.2.2.7 CARBOHYDRATES DETERMINATION.. 18
3.2.3 MINERAL CONTENT DETERMINATION.. 18
CHAPTER FOUR.. 19
4.0 RESULTS. 19
Table 4.2 Proximate Composition of White Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus) 20
Table 4.3 Proximate Composition of Red Beans (Phaseolus angularis) 21
Table 4.4 Proximate Composition of Black Beans (Vigina mango) 22
Table 4.5 Proximate Composition of Red Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus) 23
Table 4.6 Mineral composition of Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) 24
Table 4.7 Mineral composition of White Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus) 25
Table 4.8 Mineral composition of Red Beans (Phaseolus angularis) 26
Table 4.9 Mineral composition of Black Beans (Vigina mango) 27
Table 4.10 Mineral composition of Red Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus) 28
CHAPTER FIVE. 29
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 29
5.1 DISCUSSION.. 29
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, a lot of under exploited plant food crops with promising nutritional potentials exist. Lima bean is one of the under exploited food crops with nutritional and food industry processing potentials. Lima bean is among the lesser known legumes in the eastern part of Nigeria. The food crop is one of the traditional staples although in the most recent decades has been neglected. However, the neglect is attributed to difficulties in production, processing, preparation, utilization and negative image attached to it as “poor man’s food”. Lima bean has longer cooking time, especially as compared with other legumes. This longer cooking time phenomenon is a particular drawback for its cultivation and food use. It is imperative to investigate the positive attributes of this important food legume especially its nutrient potentials and overall acceptability. Christmas lima bean (phaseolus lunatus) is a leguminous plant named after the city Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, where it was discovered by Europe explorers. It belongs to the family fabaceae and it is believed to have originated in South America around 2000BC (Akroyd and doughty, 1981). It is commonly known as lima bean, sieve bean, or butter bean. It is a long duration crop which is retained in the field for at least 9 months. Lima bean seeds are generally brown in colour although certain varieties have colour such as white, red, purple and black. Christmas lima beans have not received much popularity and acceptance, although most of them are widely distributed and with high yields. These neglected pulses of tropical origin have attracted research interest in recent times due to their nutrient contents as compared to the major legumes (Eke, 2002). Red kidney beans (Phaselous vulgaris) have greatest popularity in the U.S.A, as well as play long been a part of traditional plant based diet in many cultures of most of the world’s developing countries (Shimelis and Rakshit, 2007). It is the most important economic variety of the genus phaselous. It is an excellent source of vegetable protein, starch, soluble and insoluble fiber, vitamins (especially B group) and minerals (particularly potassium, iron, zinc, magnesium and manganese). They are low in fat (Ekanyake et al., 1999). The cooked beans are widely used in savory cuisine throughout the world in meals like cassieroles, salads, curine soups, pasta and meat dishes. The straws are used as fodders for animals (Katharine, 2002).
was discovered by Europe explorers. It belongs to the family fabaceae and it is believed to have originated in South America around 2000BC (Akroyd and doughty, 1981). It is commonly known as lima bean, sieve bean, or butter bean. It is a long duration crop which is retained in the field for at least 9 months. Lima bean seeds are generally brown in colour although certain varieties have colour such as white, red, purple and black. Christmas lima beans have not received much popularity and acceptance, although most of them are widely distributed and with high yields. These neglected pulses of tropical origin have attracted research interest in recent times due to their nutrient contents as compared to the major legumes (Eke, 2002). Red kidney beans (Phaselous vulgaris) have greatest popularity in the U.S.A, as well as play long been a part of traditional plant based diet in many cul Red kidney beans have been associated with numerous health benefits including reduction of heart and renal diseases risks (Bazzano, 2003), cataracts, relieve constipation, improve gastrointestinal integrity, stabilize blood sugar, brain and immune dysfunction. Rice beans (Vigna umbellata) are small, oval-shaped beans with red skin. They are similar to red kidney beans except that they are smaller in size and also have a more delicate flavor than the red kidney beans. Small red beans are also called Mexican red beans. They hold their shape and firmness when cooked. They are particularly popular in the Caribbean region, where they are normally eaten with rice. Rice beans can be used in soups, salads, chilli and Creole dishes. Generally, developing countries do not produce enough foods which have the right nutritional quality to meet daily needs. Therefore there is a great need to search for more nutritionally good food in order to ensure that all the potentials sources of foods are exploited effectively and utilized industrially as food supplement which will meet up consumer acceptability. Hence the objective of this research work is to compare the proximate composition and functional properties of underutilized Leguminous seed flours (Christmas Lima and Rice bean) with that of Red kidney with the intention of using them as foods of plant source to overcome the acute food shortage of animal protein as encountered in under developing countries.
Black and Red beans are associated with Latin American cuisine in a particular, although they can complement foods from many places.（Thompson, 2000）. They were first domensticated over 7000 years ago, in the region of South American known as peru. Since the beans grow readily in warm weather and preserved well, they quickly became an integral part of the South American diet. The food entered Europe when early explorers brought black beans with them in 1500s, when returning from their voyages to the new world and were subsequently spread to Africa and Asia by Spanish and Portuguese（Autonio, 2002）. Black and Red beans is an important crop in Nigeria（especially in the Northern region, known by Hausa to be Ashushiru）
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Malnutrition is a major health problem in developing countries and contributes to infant mortality, poor physical and intellectual development of infants, as well as lowered resistance to disease and consequently stifles development (Sajilata et al., 2002). Variety of beans have their nutritional compositions, some are higher in protein, vitamins and minerals, while some are less and other nutritional compositions. The need to determine the proximate compositions, minerals and vitamins of various beans sold within kaduna state is necessary to Access the nutritional .
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
The study is very necessary because it provides the nutritional composition with several benefits such as sufficient supply of nutrients, rapid growth, healthy and active lifestyle, and reduce risk of diseases. different variety of beans are comsumed by people but the nutritional compositions, health benefit, and the best in nutritional content are unknown to the consumers. Hence there is need to quantify the major content of these beans and compare with those of acceped standards （Reissig et., 2009）.
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