PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF INFLUENCE OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON VIOLENT CRIMES IN NIGERIA
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Abstract
The study was an attempt to investigate public perception of influence of rural-urban migration on violent crimes in Onitsha. The study also tends to examine the factors that encourage rural-urban migration into the region. The study approached the concern issue of overpopulation, violent crime and insecurity from the theoretical & empirical contribution from various authors. The study employed simple random sampling techniques. A sample of 160 respondents which comprises of civil servants and business owners from the study area were purposely selected for the study. The study adopted a survey design, since this method allows determination of sample characteristics for a large group in a very short time. This study employed mixed methods research design that used both qualitative and quantitative approaches in a single study to gather or analyze data. From the findings, it was clear that rural urban migration do contribute to most violent crimes in Onitsha, there are effects of rural urban migration such as prevalent violent crimes, housing/accommodation problem, insecurity and over-population on the development of Onitsha. It was concluded that rural-urban migration results from movement from rural to urban in the search for opportunities due to rural urban inequality in wealth and better quality of life found in urban centres. Some recommendations were made to solve the challenges.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
List of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of study
- Statement of problem
- Objective of study
- Research questions
- Significance of the study
- Scope of study
- Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual framework
2.2 Theoretical framework
2.3 Empirical literature
2.4 Summary of literature
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
3.2 Sources of data
3.3 Primary source of data
3.4 Secondary sources of data
3.5 Method of data collection
3.6 Population of study
3.7 Sample size
3.8 Instrumentation
3.9 Validity and Regability of the measuring instrument
3.10 Sampling techniques
3.11 Methods of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Data presentation
4.2 Data analysis
4.3 Discussion of results
4.4 Summary of finding
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 References
5.5 Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The history of man is rife with movements and changes of residency within and across territorial boundaries. These movement are known to involve a detachments from the organizations of activities at one place and the movement of the total round of activities to another (Goldscheider, 2013). The current situation of urbanization in developing countries like Nigeria is very depressing as population pressure force impoverished inhabitants to live in crammed spaces, undermining social relations and increasing the propensity for crimes and violence. But attention will be focused here on rapid rural-urban migration process on violent crimes because this has caused great pressure on the lives and properties of citizens. This has however led to a deplorable living condition, congestion and insecurity of the urban centers. According to Waugh (2015) migration is defined migration as the movement in human terms which involves a permanent or temporary change of home. Migration is considered to be the movement of people from one geographical region to another which may be on a temporary or permanent basis (Adewale, 2005).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Internal migration has been associated with several negative factors ranging from economic and environmental to personal search of livelihoods of which some of them are unable to acquire but instead they result to involving themselves with criminal activities in order to enjoy a good standard of living. The rapid increase on urban influx population in Onitsha due to the continuous rural to urban migration, led to an increase in social and commercial activities with its hydra headed consequences of social problems which include; traffic congestion, environmental pollution, accommodations problem and also increase in violent crimes and juvenile delinquencies. With all these problems, anybody who is conversant with Onitsha urban centre would know that slums, squatter settlements, pollution and violent crime rates are the most heart breaking of all problems enumerated. Thus, crime increase in Onitsha could be attributed to the rural influx of the frustrated rural dwellers into Onitsha and the inability of the frustrated rural individuals to eke out a living on the other side. A factor which made to take violent crimes like robbery, kidnapping etc in order to survive. With the quest to quick wealth, it has made some of these rural dwellers to form gangs which are mostly as a result of our societal value system. Thus, their attachments to illegal acquisition of wealth have made violent crimes like riot, rape, assault, robbery, stealing and burglary prevalent in Onitsha. This gangs and cults formed by rural inhabitants in Onitsha have been in existence for a long time now and with these, there has been noticeable increase in the incidence of violent crimes and these crimes are committed with the use of dangerous weapons and killings.
1.3 Research Question
This study will be guided by the following research questions
- What are the factors influencing rural urban migration in Onitsha State?
- What are the effects of rural urban migration on the development of Onitsha State?
- Does rural urban migration contribute to most violent crimes in Onitsha State?
- What are the public’s perception on violent crimes resulting from rural urban migration?
1.4 Objective of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to examine public perception of influence of rural-urban migration on violent crimes in Onitsha. The specific objectives are:
- To examine public perspectives of the effects of rural urban migration in Onitsha.
- To determine if these rural urban migration are mostly permanent or temporary and ascertain how these increases crime and violence in urban areas.
- To investigate the consequences of migration on the development of Onitsha and the main factors behind the movement of the rural people.
- To proffer possible solutions to crimes associated with rural urban migration in Onitsha.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study on rural-urban migration on violent crimes is of a great importance in many ways.
First and foremost, the study creates a basic understanding on what rural and urban migration is all about, how rural-urban migration in extreme cases causes crime and criminal behaviors which in extreme situations results to loss of lives and properties. This study would also go a long way in sensitizing the government and the society on the importance of creating more job opportunities and providing basic amenities and infrastructures in rural areas in order to motivate the rural dwellers of the necessity to stay back at home in order to avoid the excess influx of individuals into the urban centre and also to reduce overcrowding, over population, traffic congestion, inadequate housing and violent crimes in urban centre. The study further explains the problems associated with rural-urban migration in Onitsha and how it causes increase in crime and criminal activities.
Finally, findings from this study will contribute to debates and also serve as reference materials for scholars and other researchers. And the recommendations of this study will assist government of the day to proffer lasting solutions to the challenes associated with rural-urban migration.
1.6 Scope/Delimitation of the Study
This study focuses on the public’s perception on rural-urban migration in Onitsha. The study emphasizes on the lack of social amenities, job opportunities and adequate housing as the constraints which causes rural migration from the rural areas to the urban and areas and how this migration to urban centre creates an increase in crime and criminal activities.
There were some constraint that tends to hinder the flow of this study, such limitations include:
Respondent Reluctance: In most cases the selected population often feels reluctance over providing required information required by the researcher. This result in finding information where the structured questionnaires could not point out.
Covid-19 Pandemic: the sudden outbreak of the deadly virus also posed a major challenge to this study. The researcher finds it difficult to move around to places within the study area to gather factual data that would have contributed immensely to the success of this research work.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Public Perception: Public perception is simply the type of information obtained from a public opinion survey. That is, “public opinion” is merely the aggregate views of a group of people (usually a randomly selected sample) who are asked. Public opinion consists of the desires, wants and thinking of the majority of the people. It is the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem. This concept came about through the process of urbanization and other political and social forces.
Influence: The power or the ability to affect the way someone or something develops, behaves or thinks without using direct force or orders. It is the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behaviour of someone or something, or the effect itself. Social influence comprises the ways in which individuals change their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment.
Rural Urban Migration: This is defined as the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Some migrations are forced, voluntary, permanent and temporary, International and regional. The type of migration that we are principally interested in this present study is rural to urban migration, which is the movement of people from remote areas to city areas.
Violent Crimes: This is a crime in which the offender or the perpetrators uses or threatens the use of force upon the victim. It also entails crimes in which the violent act is objective e.g. rape, murder etc. A violent crime, violent felony, crime of violence or crime of a violent nature is a crime in which an offender or perpetrator uses or threatens to use force upon a victim.
Migration: This means the movement of people from one place to another. Teriba (1982) sees migration as the movement of people from one civil division to another. In this study we focus on “human migration” which involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
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