statistical analysis of prevalence of malnutrition on children six months to five years (a case study of yusuf dantsoho memorial hospital) from (2017 – 2021)
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Abstract:
This study aims at examining a statistical analysis of the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged six months to five years at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital. Malnutrition is a significant public health issue affecting the physical and cognitive development of children worldwide. Understanding the prevalence and trends of malnutrition is crucial for developing effective interventions and policies to combat this problem. Using data collected from Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital between 2017 and 2021, this study examines the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged six months to five years. The study employs descriptive statistics and trend analysis to identify patterns and changes in malnutrition rates over the five-year period. The results reveal the extent of malnutrition among the target population, highlighting the prevalence of undernutrition (including stunting, wasting, and underweight) and overnutrition (such as obesity and overweight). The study examines the demographic characteristics associated with malnutrition, including age, gender, and socioeconomic factors, to identify vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the study explores the temporal trends in malnutrition rates, identifying any significant changes or fluctuations over the five-year period. This analysis helps in understanding whether interventions and initiatives aimed at reducing malnutrition have been effective or require modification. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the magnitude and distribution of malnutrition among children aged six months to five years in the context of Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital. The statistical analysis enables policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers to identify priority areas for intervention and design targeted strategies to address the specific nutritional needs of the affected population. The implications of this study extend beyond Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, serving as a basis for broader efforts to combat childhood malnutrition in the region. By utilizing statistical methods to analyze prevalence and trends, stakeholders can better understand the dynamics of malnutrition, assess the impact of existing interventions, and develop evidence-based strategies for long-term improvement. In conclusion, this statistical analysis provides a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged six months to five years at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital from 2017 to 2021. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge on childhood malnutrition, informing policymakers and healthcare professionals in designing effective interventions to combat this critical public health issue and improve the overall well-being of children in the region
Contents
CHAPTER ONE. 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDIES. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.. 4
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES. 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.. 5
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.. 5
1.6 DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS. 5
CHAPTER TWO.. 7
LITERATURE REVIEW.. 7
2.0 INTRODUCTION.. 7
2.1 Concept of Famine. 10
2.3: Types of Malnutrition. 11
2.4 Maternal Employment Status 12
2.5: Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) 13
2.6 Academic performance of poor nourished children. 14
CHAPTER THREE. 15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.. 15
3.1 Introduction. 15
3.2 Research Design. 16
3.3 Population of the study. 16
3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure. 16
3.4.1 METHODOLOGY.. 17
3.4.2 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS. 17
3.4.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.. 17
3.5 TYPES OF DATA.. 17
3.5.1 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION.. 18
3.5.2 STATISTICS TOOLS. 18
3.5.3 CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE. 18
3.5.4 USES OF CHI-SQUARE. 19
3.5.5 ONE SAMPLE T-TEST. 20
3.5.6 Assumptions of One-sample t-test 20
3.6 DATA PRESENTATION.. 20
3.6.1 ANALYSIS I 21
3.6.2 Interpretation. 23
3.7 Research Instrument 25
3.7.1 Validity. 26
3.7.2 Reliability. 26
3.7.3 Procedure for the Administration of the Instrument 27
3.8 Method of Data Presentation. 27
3.9 Limitation of the study. 28
CHAPTER FOUR. 29
DATA PRESENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. 29
4.1 Introduction. 29
4.2 Respondents Bio-Data. 29
4.3 Answering the Research Questions 30
4.3 Summary and Findings 32
CHAPTER FIVE. 35
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.. 35
5.1 Summary. 35
5.2 CONCLUSION.. 35
5.3 RECOMMENDATION.. 35
REFERENCES. 37
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDIES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The issue of malnutrition has become a household name among families with children from zero to five years. It is evident that the nutritional status of children is widely regarded as one of the well-known indicators of economic development of that particular region in question. There has been a high level of neglect of children by most parents’ reason being as a result of low family income, lack of parent exposure and poor implementation of infrastructural facilities such as good hospitals that serve children like pipe borne water etc. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1 million children. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide. The main causes are unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene, factors related to society and poverty, diseases, maternal factors, gender issues and overall poverty (Bhutta et al, 2008). The nutritional status of children under five (5) years of age is usually measured as weight-for-age, weight for height and height for age indexes. The common nutritional status of children under 5 years old in each region such as being underweight, stunning and wasting are considered as nutritional disorders.
The evaluation of these criteria reflects the general health status of that region. Malnutrition is a clinical syndrome in which the infant or child deviates from the main pattern of growth, the growth curve is downward and constantly located under the curve of 3% of the height and weight (Nakhshab M, Nasiri H, 2009).
Malnutrition often occurs in the first years of life when the caloric intake is not able to provide the metabolic needs of the body. Consequently, the stored nutrients in the tissues will be consumed to preserve life (Arezomaniance S, 2005). In children, protein-energy malnutrition is defined by measurements that fall below 2 standard deviations under the normal weight for age (underweight), height for age (stunting) and weight for height (wasting). Wasting indicates recent weight loss, whereas stunting usually results from chronic weight loss. The primary malnutrition in children occurs due to socioeconomic factors and lack of food. Secondary malnutrition is associated with diseases with increased need for calories, calorie loss, and reduction of calorie intake or a combination of these three modes. It may be caused by low food intake or impaired absorption of nutrients.
Prenatal malnutrition and early life growth patterns can alter metabolism and physiological patterns and have lifelong effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Children who are undernourished are more likely to be short in adulthood, have lower educational achievement and economic status, and give birth to smaller infants (Bhutta et al, 2008). Children often face malnutrition during the age of rapid development, which can have long-lasting impacts on health.
Malnutrition doesn’t only affect a child’s health – it also inhibits their future development:
- Children suffering from stunting may never grow to their full height or develop their full cognitive potential
- 43 percent of children under five in low and middle-income countries are at increased risk of poverty because of stunting
- Stunted children earn 20 percent less as adults than their non-stunted counterparts
- Mothers affected by undernutrition are more likely to have children who suffer from stunting or wasting, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and undernutrition
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