STRATEGIC PLAN FOR DISASTER VICTIMS MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
Disasters are situations or events which overwhelm local capacity, necessitating a request to national or international level for assistance. These are classified into two main categories i.e. Natural disasters which are hydro-meteorological and Geophysical, and non-natural disasters which are man-made and can be industrial related; chemical spill, collapse of industrial structures, explosion, fire, gas leak poisoning, radiation; miscellaneous events such as collapse of domestic/non industrial structures, explosion, fire, and Transport related; air, rail, road and water-borne accidents (World Disasters Report, 2002). This heightened interest signifies that the world has become a more dangerous place for its inhabitants who are becoming more vulnerable to disasters. Data gathered worldwide over the last three decades suggest that, while the number of people killed by natural disasters has leveled out at around 80,000 per year, the number affected by disasters and associated economic losses have both soared. As during the 1990s, an annual average of around 200 million people was affected by natural disasters nearly three times higher than during the 1970s. Economic losses from such disasters in the 1990s averaged US$ 63 billion per year which is nearly five times higher in real terms than the figure for the 1970s (Brussels-based Centre for research on the Epidemiology of Disasters-CRED). It has been evidently documented that, vulnerability to disaster is not simply by lack of wealth, but by a complex range of physical, economic, political and social factors. Flawed development is exacerbating these factors and exposing more people to disasters. Rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization force poorer communities to live in more hazardous areas. However, even the better-off are at risk as expansion of infrastructure over the past decades including bridges, railway lines and roads have created a barrier across the valley leading to limited access, and excessive rainfall 6 resulting in floods. Growth in infrastructure across the globe has increased both the level of assets at risk from disasters, and the people dependent on such lifelines as electricity, gas and water mains.
Recent decades have seen significant increases in the number, complexity and scope of disasters and incidents (Alexander, 2005). A key feature of contemporary understandings of disaster management is that they aim to assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, avoid the potential losses from hazards, reduce vulnerability, and achieve rapid and effective recovery (Bang, 2012). Therefore, disaster management is considered one of the modern humanities and its importance has increased significantly in the present climate of increased terrorist incidents. Furthermore, it is considered a vital field that needs to be prioritized in order to reduce the impact on human lives, property damage and national economies (Al-Dahash, Kulatunga, & Amaratunga, 2014). Interestingly, Baharin, Shibghatullah, and Othman (2009) saw the response phase not as one of the main phases of the Disaster Management life cycle but as one of the critical phases in the Disaster Management life cycle. This might be due to the deviant and chaotic behaviour during the immediate response in a disaster (Fischer III, 1998a, 1998b), or due to the very altruistic nature of the behavioural response (Fischer, 2005). Madry (2015) noted that response is influenced by different factors, including the level of development, local culture, historical context, and the national readiness to respond. An efficient response to a disaster plays an important role in reducing its impact on affected victims (Muaafa, Concho, & Ramirez-Marquez, 2014). Goodyear (2009) shows that comprehensive and coordinated disaster management is lacking in Nigeria, which includes a risk analysis based on an examination of hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities of populations’ local community, and the first responders charged to assist at the time of the emergency. Further, with an extensive list of human-made hazards to address, Nigeria is ill equipped at this time to encounter all these challenges without external support. As a result, the need for stronger infrastructural and technical capabilities within the Government of Iraq and other disaster risk reduction stakeholders is imperative to plan for effective response to potential disasters in the future. Based on international best practice, an efficient and effective response to disasters needs a national perspective. Yet a coordinating body to ensure an integrated response is lacking among the multiple agencies working on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
- STATEMENT FOF THE PROBLEM
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) declared by the international community to halve extreme poverty and hunger, combating infectious diseases, ensuring universal primary education and sustainable development, are critical to disaster management. Bearing in mind the importance of disaster management, the UN declared in 1990 the International Decade for Natural disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Thus the realization that environmental threats could result in serious socio-economic and human costs has refocused the disaster management agenda on some critical challenges relating to disaster reduction initiatives. Some of these challenges are in essence development challenges, especially when many of these threats that confront the international community emanate largely from failures of development. Based on this background the researcher wants to investigate strategic plan for disaster victims management and evaluation
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the strategic plan put in place to management victim of disaster
- To examine the causes of disaster
- To ascertain how disaster can be managed
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
HO: there is no strategic plan put in place to management victim of disaster
HI: there is strategic plan put in place to management victim of disaster.
Hypothesis Two
HO: there are no causes of disaster
HI: there are causes of disaster
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will be very significant to students and agencies of disasters management. The study will give a clear insight on the strategic plan for disaster victims management and evaluation. The study will also serves as a reference to other researcher that will embark on the related topic
- SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers strategic plan for disaster victims management and evaluation.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
STRATEGIC PLAN: Strategic planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy.
DISASTER; A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
MANAGEMENT; Management is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
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