THE CAUSES OF VARIATIONS IN AFRICA
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Introduction
Variation is simply the degree of dispersion, diversity, or inequality in a distribution: the extent to which observations of an attribute are similar to or different from one another. Applications of variation in the social sciences include income inequality, the degree to which incomes are concentrated among a few households or spread broadly across a population, and religious diversity, which describes whether a single religion dominates the cultural landscape or multiple religions exist side by side. Africa is a diverse continent with different cultural patterns, such differences may exist across different states, nations, races, tribes and ethnic lines. African cultures differ from other cultures and amongst each other. In order to understand the guiding paradigms of such differences, it is essential to articulate the culture(s) of Africa. National boundaries in sub-Saharan Africa were established by Europeans using latitude and longitude rather than natural borders. This separated population centres from their supplies of food and natural resources. The artificial borders of modern African states cut across cultural, tribal, linguistic and religious boundaries, creating ethnic and religious cleavages which impede national unity and facilitate internal violence (Lead, 2009).
Whether variation in a particular attribute is preferred is an issue of context and perspective. A high degree of variation may be preferable, as in the case of racial diversity within communities, in which variation may imply integration rather than segregation. A low degree of variation may be preferable; for instance, a good medical intervention consistently will improve the health of those who receive treatment and have few side effects. Alternatively, preference for high or low variation may depend on one’s theoretical or ethical perspective. For instance, one view of income inequality is that higher levels of variation reflect a more efficient economic system that rewards hard work (or talent) and punishes laziness (or ineptitude). Variation applies to ethnicity, race, religion, socio-economic, viewpoints, gender, geographic origin, aptitude, appearance and sexual orientation. In this assessment, factors that causes variation in Africa will be looked at with respect to Seliigman’s view points.
Causes of Variations in Physical Types in Africa
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