The Effect of the Surfactant Perfluorooctanoic Acid On Microcystisaeruginosa Under Replete Nitrate Condition
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ABSTRACT
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (conjugate base perfluorooctanoate) — also known colloquially as C8— is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock.The strain Cyanobacteria (Microcystisaeruginosa) was obtained from the Brazilian cyanobacteria collection of University of Sào Paulo and were maintained in Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life sciences,Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.The research conducted in Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Exponential growth cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to the following treatments: Surfactant (10 ug /L) only, Replete nitrite (9mM/L) only, Surfactant and Replete nitrite and Control cultures were incubated in normal BG11 medium. Data obtained was subjected to one-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA).Where there is statistical difference, the Turkey’s post hoc was used to separate the means at P < 0.05.The current investigation shows that pigment content was significantly altered under replete nitrite condition and the growth of the organism was inhibited. It is observed that the surfactant PFOA under replete nitrite condition altered the growth of M. aeruginosa in the aquatic environment therefore we recommend the use of surfactants with mild effect as PFOA pose adverse effect on the aquatic environment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi
table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii
list of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ix
list of Plates……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… x
CHAPTER ONE………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.4 Justification……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
1.5 Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
1.6 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
1.7 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.1 Morphology of Microcystis Aeruginosa………………………………………………………………. 4
2.1.2 Classification Scientific of Microcystis aeruginosa…………………………………………….. 5
2.1.3 Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa…………………………………………………………………….. 5
2.1.4 Ecology of of Microcystis aeruginosa………………………………………………………………… 6
2.1.6 Ecological importance………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.2 Algae and Cyanobacteria Species………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.2.1Effect of Water on cyanobacterial……………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.2.2Toxins of Algae……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.2.3Harmful algal blooms……………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
2.3.0 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)……………………………………………………………………….. 11
2.3.1 Concerns about PFOA from an environmental point of view………………………………. 12
2.3Determination of Nitrite………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
2.4.1 Effects of Nutrient on Microcystis aeruginosa………………………………………………….. 13
2.4.2 Toxicity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………………………………………… 15
3.1 Sample Collection…………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
3.2 Study Area……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
3.3 Maintenance of Culture……………………………………………………………………………………. 15
3.4 Experimental Design……………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
3.5 Determination of growth and cell density…………………………………………………………… 16
3.6.1Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Determination…………………………………………………………. 17
3.6.2Biochemical Composition Analyses…………………………………………………………………… 18
3.6.3Determination of Total lipids…………………………………………………………………………….. 18
3.6.4Determination Total Protein Extraction………………………………………………………………. 19
3.6.5 Determination of Protein…………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.7Enzyme Activity…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.7.1Extraction Procedure (Biochemical Composition Determination…………………………… 19
3.7.2Total Proteins Determination…………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.7.3Antioxidants Enzyme Assays…………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.7.4 Peroxidase (POD)…………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.7.5 Glutathione S-Transferase (GST)……………………………………………………………………… 21
3.7.6 Lipid peroxidation (MDA)……………………………………………………………………………… 23
DATA ANALSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
4.0RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
4.1 Effect of PFOA on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa…………………………………….. 25
CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………… 32
5.1 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
5.2 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
5.3 RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………………………………………… 33
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, or dispersants. (Nakama, 2017).Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is surfactant that is chiefly used by chemical companies and manufacturers to make fluoropolymers, which are utilized in the manufacture of non-stick cookware and breathable, stain resistant, all-weather clothing (US EPA, 2006).
PFOA is considered as surfactant, due to its chemical structure and a well-known chemical contaminants in drinking water worldwide.Somek, Hasim. (2011) The consumption of food or products contaminated by PFOA is associated with very serious health problems, including kidney, liver disease, and cancer, etc (Jochimsenet al., 1998).
Microcystisaeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria that can form harmful algal blooms of economic and ecological importance. They are the most common toxic cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic fresh water. Cyanobacteria produce neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin.
Microcystisaeruginosais a species of freshwater cyanobacteria that can form harmful algae blooms of economic and ecological importance (Ave,2007). They are the most common toxic cyanobacteria bloom in the eutrophic fresh water.
Algal/Cyanobacteria blooms have attracted considerable global attention because of their rapid growth and ability to produce and release different toxins (secondary metabolites) that are carcinogenic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic and hepatotoxic (Rastogiet al., 2015). Eutrophication is one of the phenomenons that brings about the appearance of blooms, and can negatively affect aquatic ecosystem.Is a phenomenon that inhibits or stimulates the growth and development of another organism either by direct or indirect interactions with secondary metabolites produced by plant or microorganisms (EL-Sheekhetal., 2010)
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