WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The discriminatory practice in education which favored the male over the female was very unprogressive yet the government could not do anything to either stop or reverse it (Kema, 2003). The colonial government laid a very bad foundation for education generally and women’s education in particular. It is on record that in Nigeria, the colonial government initially did not show any interest in educational development at all. The early efforts were made by the Christian missionaries who came to evangelize to the people.
In 1986, the federal ministry of education in Nigeria created a special unit, women’s education unit. This showed that the government was beginning to respond to the urgent need for the development of women. This special right accorded to women in education suggests that apart from women benefitting from general education, there will be a measure of encouragement to them towards specialization in sciences, engineering, and technology. Another area were the federal government of Nigeria intensified effort to develop women’s education was in the establishment of mass literacy commission. The effort of government has been complimented by the non-governmental.
Fromonset women were made to be vital instrument of social development in almost all capacities of human engagement. The biblical injunction that women shall be man’s helper has lured various service and capacities for instance they have labored in the house as the mother and housewives. They have a time extending their roles a cross the frontiers of a house-wife. At sometimes many women from age to age have proved to be invaluable silent counselors by their husbands. By thus is meat that some of the policy decision of their people are the brain child of their wives who inform their husbands of the decision that sometimes convey public impacts. That is not all.
Women are also found to be involved in some trivial but equally essential services to their families and the general society. These include harvesting and processing farm products for household’s consumption or assisting their male counterparts in farming. In fact, the term “assisting” might be misapplied have, because in the practical aspect, the African women engages in more tedious labor in the farm than we husband, most work done by men are easer going and work at shorter duration compared to the women tasks. For instance, men’s work are usually confined to cleaning an area for cultivation and even her sometime with women’s assistance and then cultivation. The rest of the work which is more laborious is entirely shifted to the women. These includes planting of the crop weeding and he general technical supervision of the farm.
In spite of these contribution, instead the form of trend that women have been suppressed to exploitation, subjected to psychological and in some instance physical assaui. (C.F. Iyayi,199:8)
Today, however the situation has assumed a different dimension as women are enjoying more freedom in our economic and technological complexities. It dawned on women that their intention is no longer suspected to menial Jobs but that also have a crucial role to play in positive development in Nigeria. Among the antecedents of these changes as they occurred in a historical sequence are as follows
In 1946, the united organization created the commission on the status of women in recognition of the disadvantage status of women.
The charter include the promotion of equality of opportunities regardless of race sex etc. in 1907, the general discrimination of education and in 1967, the united Nation general Assembly adopted a declaration on the elimination against women as an elaboration of the universal declaration of human right.
In 1972, the U. N general Assembly declared 1975 an internal women’s year. This led to the first world conference held in Copenhagen in 1975 where action was to be intensified to promote equally between men and women and to ensure the full integration of women in total development and effort and also increase their contribution to the strengthening of place. Another conference on international year for women obtaining a ten year plan of action on “equality development and was held in Mexico.
In 1979, the U.N. took a resolution against any form of discrimination against women in Nigeria, the idea belong women originated from the interest that evolved during the founding members believed that the liberation of women cannot be fully achieved outside the context of liberating the oppressed and the poor majority in the country.
In 1685, the world conference on women was held in Nairobi Kenya, at a very ethical period when Nigeria was undergoing econ depression. Based on the 1985 forward-looking strategies for women, the federal government of Nigeria organization awareness campaigns, workshops, seminars and rallies to mobilize women and teenage girls.
Thus resulted in creating activities for both urban and rural women.
In 1989, United Nations educational scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO) stated that “human kind in entering the 21stcentury with a list of unresolved global issues on its agenda……women comprising half of the world’s population cannot be divorced from active participation in solving those global problem. This implies that women are entitled to equitable involvement in decision making in solving our problem.
Between August 27 and September 3, 1995, the forth U.N. conference on women was held in Belgium, China, it was the fourth and the largest world conference on women in the context of equality and sustainable development.
All these development illustrated human effort at redefining women status in the human folk. They bring with them corresponding challenges and responding challenges and responsibilities.
More so, it is intentionally accepted that the family is the bedrock of every society.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The semi-rural extension and development projects created by the successive Nigerian military and the civilian government’s programmes were to increase women’s knowledge, skills and participation in the area of agriculture, home economics, education and policies. All these programmes were aimed at breaking down social barriers that have prevented women from taking active part in community affairs and overall development. Such programmes, include Better Life for Rural Women, Family Support Programme, amongst others.
Although, these programmes have impacted positively in integrating women into development activities, the involvement of women in these development activities was limited to the urban areas at the expense of the rural areas. Even when women are at work and become partners in the development effort, there is no equality of treatment in certain vital areas and women suffer the negative effects.
Integration of women into rural development as participants is, therefore still fraught with problems and poses a tremendous challenge to Nigerian rural women. This study investigates if educational disparity is still a barrier to women’s participation in community development in the rural areas. The study has attempted to investigate whether educational factor acts as a barrier to women’s participation in community development programmes in Nigeria, and to make appropriate recommendations on how the participation of women in community development programmes could be enhanced.
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