BACTERIOLOGY OF DOOR HANDLES OF EATERIES TOILETS IN UYO METROPOLIS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Aims and Objectives of the Study
- Aims
- Objectives
- Justification and Scope of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Terms
2.1.0 Definitions of Formites
2.1.1 Definitions of Door Handles
2.2 The Ubiquity of Microorganisms
2.3 Bacterial Contaminations of Surfaces/Formites in General
2.4 Previous Studies of Microbial Isolates from Door Handles
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Sample Collection and Sample Size
3.2.2 Sample Size
3.3 Microbiological Analyses of Swab Samples
3.3.1 Media Preparation
3.3.2 Serial Dilution of Swab Samples
3.3.3 Inoculation, Incubation and Enumeration
3.3.4 Isolation and Maintenance of Pure Cultures
3.3.5 Characterization and Identification of Microbial Isolates
- Biochemical Tests
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
ABSTRACT
A study on microbes associated with toilets door handle of eateries in Uyo metropolis was carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotics profile was done using disc diffusion method. Bacterial isolates obtained were Escherichia coli 12(34.3%), Citrobacter sp 2(5.71%), Proteus sp 3(8.6%) Klebsiella pneumoniae 9(25.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9 (25.7%), Staphylococcus aureus 8(72.7%), Bacillus sp 3(27.3%). The sensitivity test revealed the potent drug as follows Ofloxacin 95.2%, Ciprofloxacin 82.0%, perfloxcine 72.0%, Augmentin, Gentamicin and Ampicillin 57% respectively, while the least potent was cotrimoxazole 35%. Users of eateries conveniences should disinfect their hands after usage to avoid infection.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Microorganisms are livings things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, in terms of numbers and range of distributions, microbes are the dominant organisms on earth (Galtelli et al., 2006).A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters; it also includes viruses which are microscopic but not clusters (Li et al., 2009). Microbes can be found nearly everywhere, from in the deep in the earth’s crust, to the polar ice and oceans, to the bodies of plants and animals .Being mostly invincible, the actions of microorganism are usually not as obvious or familiar as those of large plants and animals.
Scientific research has shown that commonly used surfaces such as computers, headsets, telephone, desk and ATM are potentials sources of infections bacteria and viruses leading to the spread of colds, flu, sickness and diarrhoea (Reynolds et al., 2005). The increasing incidence of epidemic outbreak of certain disease and it state spread from one community to the other has become a major public health concern (Galtelli et al., 2006). Besides the day to day interaction of people, which constitute one way of spreading disease, the major source of and spread of community acquired infections are fomites (Li et al., 2009). The formites include door handle of conveniences, showers, toilets, hotels, restaurants and restrooms (Bright et al., 2010). One of the most implicated probable sources of infections is door handles of toilets and bathrooms (Reynolds, 2005).
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A public toilet have large traffic of users who flock in with their own microbial flora and other organisms they have picked elsewhere and deposits them on door handles while going into the convenience and on their way out (Goldhammer et al., 2006). The hands are the chief organs for physical manipulations of the environment. As a pair organ, the hand is controlled by the opposing hemisphere (Maria and Eliane, 2004) and enables one to do all manners of things. The serve as medium for the propagation of microorganisms from place to place and from person to persons. Human hands usually harbour microorganisms both as part of the body normal flora as well as transient’s microbes contracted from the environment (Dodrill et al., 2011). One common by which organisms that are not residence in the hand are picked up is by contact with surfaces such as table tops, door handles, banisters, toilets handles and taps in restrooms. Although it is nearly impossible for the hand to be free of microorganisms, the presence of pathogenic bacteria may lead to chronic or acute illness. However , the risk of disease transmission through formites is determined by the frequency of sites contaminations and exposure; level of pathogen excreted by the host; likelihood of transfer of infection agent to a susceptible individual; virulence of the organism; immuno-competence of the person in contact; the practise major such as disinfectant and personal hygiene (Reynolds; 2005). Users of this public conveniences can hardly wash their hands after usage, because of lack of water system and where they have such systems, water are never available. Consequently, they carry these contaminations from such conveniences (Giannini et al., 2009) and this could result to community-association methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) outbreak in high prevalence areas and cholera outbreaks (Giannini et al,. 2009).
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- Aim
Therefore, the aim of this research work is to determine the microbiological status of door handles of eateries toilets in Uyo Metropolis.
- Objectives
To assess Gram-Negative bacteria on door handles of Eateries in Uyo Metropolis.
- JUSTIFICATION AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- To isolates and identify Gram-Negative bacteria on the door handles.
- To estimate the load of bacteria contaminations in the door handles.
- To know the significant of this bacteria to the body.
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