EFFECT OF MATERNAL EDUCATION ON CHILD NUTRITIONAL STATUS
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Abstract
This study sought to investigate the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status, using some selected primary health centres in Damaturu Local Government Area as a case study. The study explores whether the socioeconomic standing of the home in rural areas with severe poverty affects the application of learned health and nutritional knowledge. The nutritional status of infants and young children aged 0 to 1 year is also assessed in the study. The study also created a composite childcare knowledge index and looked into how it related to children’s nutritional indicators. The survey descriptive research design was used for the investigation. The survey generated a total of 30 valid replies. The findings from the responses collected and evaluated showed that maternal understanding of suggested childcare techniques is strong. The study also discovered that the socioeconomic level of the family affected the mother’s capacity to apply learned skills to enhance the nutritional status of children in underdeveloped rural communities in Nigeria. Finally, the study found a connection between a composite measure of childcare knowledge and child development. The study thus suggests that a complete and effective plan for reducing malnutrition among children aged five years and younger should be country-specific, take into consideration clearly defined nutritional indicators, and adopt a multimodal approach that includes investments in maternal education, sanitation, and poverty relief.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
List of Tables
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
1.7 Operationalization of Concepts
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Literature Reviews
2.4 Summary of Literature
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample size determination
3.5 Sample size selection technique and procedure
3.6 Research Instrument and Administration
3.7 Method of data collection
3.8 Method of data analysis
3.9 Validity of the study
3.10 Reliability of the study
3.11 Ethical consideration
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Answering Research Questions
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Children’s nutritional state affects their health, which is a major factor in human development. One of the major health problems that Africa is currently confronting is child malnutrition. The majority of African nations are affected by the issue of malnutrition in terms of health, education, and the economy. According to the WHO (2012), malnutrition is the greatest cause of death in children under the age of five, accounting for nearly half (45%) of all child fatalities and at least 3.1 million deaths in 2011 (Black, Victora, Walker & Bhutta, 2013). Child malnutrition is thought to be the primary cause of disease and mortality in children, accounting for more than half of all child fatalities worldwide (Ali, Karim, Billoo & Haider, 2005). It renders children more susceptible to dying from common diseases, as well as increasing the frequency and severity of infections (Tette, Sifah, Nartey & Biritwum, 2016).
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Malnutrition is defined as the inadequate food intake or faulty assimilation, and includes low birth weight, stunting, wasting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies (World Food Programme, 2012). In many African nations, including Nigeria, malnutrition is a significant single and underlying cause of child morbidity and mortality. An important outcome metric of children’s health is their nutritional condition before the age of five (NBS and ICF Macro 2011). According to research, malnourished children have lower levels of infection resistance than other kids, which results in higher rates of morbidity and mortality (UNICEF 2001). According to the above literature, there are many different ways that maternal education helps children survive, including learning about health, following guidelines for child feeding, and having more control over resources.
Maternal education is a crucial topic for economists, sociologists, medical professionals, and politicians, given that it may have a role in determining the health of children. Although education is crucial for everyone, girls’ and women’s education is particularly important (World Bank, 2013). “Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills, and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process,” according to paragraph 4.2 of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action (Promoting Gender Equality, 2013). This statement is accurate not just because education opens doors to better opportunities, such as greater independence, more skillful employment, and higher salaries, but also because women’s education continues to have an impact on the family, community, and possibly the next generation.
Educated mothers may provide more hygienic conditions and safer environmental surrounds, have better knowledge of nutrition and health care habits, and provide for child health status (Currie & Moretti, 2003; Lindsay et al., 2009). Highly educated mothers have a higher likelihood of being healthier, which increases the likelihood that their offspring would inherit better genetic features through genetic imprinting (Ishida & Moore, 2012). It will become clearer how enhancing local, national, and international public health policies involving maternal education would improve children’s health outcomes once we have a greater understanding of how a mother’s education affects her children’s health (Chen & Li, 2009).
Maternal education has a greater impact than any other variable on children’s nutritional condition, as has been shown in studies conducted decades ago (Smith-Greenaway, 2013; Huq & Tasnim, 2008). It is still unknown in the Nigerian setting how the nutritional knowledge of illiterate mothers and the nutritional status of their offspring are related. One would anticipate that mothers’ childcare and nutrition knowledge would have a big impact on their kids’ nutritional status. On this, however, there are contradicting study findings. While some research have found a favorable relationship between a mother’s nutritional education and her children’s nutritional status (Ajao, Ojofeitimi & Adebayo, 2010), other studies have revealed that adequate information in and of itself is not always followed by appropriate behavior (Fatusi & Afolabi, 2010). It is yet unknown whether educating mothers on appropriate childcare methods has a separate effect on a child’s development. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Malnutrition among children is still one of the problems that developing nations face today. For instance, roughly 35% of preschoolers in Sub-Saharan Africa are stunted, and 29% of them are underweight (Leenstra et al., 2005). Also, according to the Fifth World Nutritional Report, in East Africa in 2005, 31% of children under the age of five were underweight and 44% of children under five were stunted (United Nations, 2004). According to the UNDP (2016), there were 84 deaths among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa for every 1,000 live births in 2015. This number does not appear to have altered. According to the UNDP (2016), there were 84 deaths among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa for every 1,000 live births in 2015. This number does not appear to have altered. Children and women from northern geopolitical zone nations, males (as opposed to girls), younger children (0-23 months old as opposed to 24-59 months old), and teenage women (as opposed to older women 20-49 years) are at a higher risk of malnutrition, according to disaggregated statistics (National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2018). Although education about nutrition and health is frequently provided to mothers in Nigeria, the majority of whom have not completed a formal education. On the association between non-literate mothers’ dietary knowledge and their children’s nutritional status, however, there is insufficient empirical evidence. Although maternal education is a significant factor in determining a child’s nutritional condition, it is still unknown whether a mother’s actual understanding of nutrition has a separate impact on a child’s growth. Furthermore, it is unclear what influences the application of knowledge acquired in practice. This study seeks to fill in this information gap.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary aim of the study is to assess the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status. The specific objectives of the study were to;
- Assess the awareness of expectant mothers attending primary healthcare centres in Damaturu with regard to child nutritional status.
- Ascertain the significant relationship between the literacy rate of mothers and child nutritional status.
- Investigate whether acquired health and nutritional knowledge is dependent on the socioeconomic status of the household in Damaturu Local Government Area.
- Find out if malnutrition affects nutritional status of infants and young children aged 1-5 in primary healthcare centres in Damaturu.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions will be answered by the study
- Are expectant mothers attending primary healthcare centres in Damaturu aware of the necessary food intake during pregnancy?
- Is there any significant relationship between the literacy rate of mothers and child nutritional status?
- Does household socioeconomic status influence mother’s ability to acquired knowledge in order to improve the nutritional status of children in Damaturu Local Government Area?
- Does malnutrition affects nutritional status of infants and young children aged 1-5 in primary healthcare centres in Damaturu?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Many studies have demonstrated that a number of variables are related to young children’s nutritional status. Yet, according to the studies that have been done thus far, the causes of malnutrition vary amongst nations or even parts of the world. The benefits that could be derived from the outcome of this research work are as follows:
The findings will be vital in giving policy makers additional insight into the connection between maternal knowledge and child health outcomes in order to better encourage change and enhance children’s wellbeing in underprivileged communities.
It will serve as a source of information and awareness to expectant mothers on the type of food they should eat during pregnancy.
It will provide useful information for midwives and health care provider on how to educate the women on the type of food they should feed their infants with after birth.
The result of the research work will also be important to health officials, ministry of health and the general public on how mothers should maintain a balance diet during and after pregnancy.
The results of this study will also be used as a source of information for academics and future researchers who are interested in the impact of maternal education on children’s nutritional status.
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The present study examines the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status in Yobe State. The study will also look into the relationship between home socioeconomic position and acquired health and nutritional knowledge and behavior. The study will also evaluate the nutritional condition of newborns and young children between the ages of 0 and 5. Since the study revolves around the entire federation, since the dynamic challenge in the study has a national outlook and it will thus be ideal to embark on the study in the entire federation. However, it becomes very necessary for the researcher to narrow it down to some selected healthcare centres in Damaturu Local Government Area of Yobe State. The population of the study will comprise of nursing mothers, health care givers and expectant mothers from the selected healthcare centres.
1.7 Operationalization of Concepts
For the purpose of clarity, the terms that may be confusing to the reader are defined in the context of their usage in the work the following order:
Child: A child is a human being who has not reached puberty yet, or who is in the infancy stage of development. The term “kid” as used in law typically refers to a minor, also known as a person under the age of majority.
Effect: This is a change that results when something is done or happens.
Education: Education is a planned activity with certain goals in mind, such as knowledge transmission or the development of skills and character. These objectives might include the growth of comprehension, reason, kindness, and honesty.
Maternal Education: Obtaining knowledge, skills, and emotional support to help women care for themselves and their unborn child during pregnancy, the postpartum period, and childrearing is the goal of the complicated process known as maternal education.
Nutrition: An organism uses food to sustain its life through a biochemical and physiological process known as nutrition. It gives living things nutrition that can be processed to produce energy and chemical building blocks. Malnutrition results from insufficient dietary intake.
Nutritional Status: An individual’s nutritional status has been defined as their state of health as it is influenced by their nutrient intake and use.
Socioeconomic Status: Socioeconomic status is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic access to resources and social position in relation to others.
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