INFLUENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
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ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the influence of child abuse and neglect on academic performance of pupils in basic science and technology in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom. The specific objective of the study was to ascertain the influence of child abuse and neglect such as; Child labour, child physical and child sexual abuse. Three research questions and three corresponding null hypotheses were formulated in line with these objectives. The survey design was adopted and 20 items questionnaire including 15 achievement test structured on a four-point Likertscale was developed to collect data. A sample of 200 pupils were drawn from a population of 9149 primary (5) school pupils in the study area using a stratified random sampling method. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using frequency counts simple percentage and chi-square. From the data analysis, it was found that child labour; child physical abuse and child sexual abuse significantly influence pupil’s academic performance. Based on the findings the researcher recommended that government, private, organizations and individuals concerned with business of education should endeavor to address the obstacles hindering effective academic performance of pupils. Counselors should provide necessary assistance and psychological support for pupils who are suffering from child sexual abuse so as to overcome their emotional problems. It was recommended amongst others; adequate number of guidance counselors should be employed and posted to all primary schools.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page
Title Page — — — — — — — — — i
Declaration — — — — — — — — — ii
Certification — — — — — — — — — iii
Dedication — — — — — — — — — iv
Acknowledgement — — — — — — — — v
Abstract — — — — — — — — — vi
Table of Content — — — — — — — — vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study — — — — — — 1
1.2 Statement of problem — — — — — — — 4
1.3 Purpose of the study — — — — — — — 5
1.4 Significance of the Study — — — — — — 5
1.5 Research Questions — — — — — — — 6
1.6 Research Hypotheses — — — — — — — 6
1.7 Delimitation of the study — — — — — — 7
1.8 Definition of terms — — — — — — — 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 Meaning of Child Abuse and Neglect — — — — — 8
2.1.2 Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect — — — — — 9
2.1.3 Types and Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect — — — 12
2.1.4 Child’s Right Act in Nigeria — — — — — — 15
2.1.5 Implications of Child’s Right Act in
Children Development in Nigeria — — — — — 16
2.1.6 Child’s Right Act In Akwa Ibom State — — — — 17
2.1.7 Basic Primary Science and Technology
Education in Nigeria School System — — — — — 18
2.1.8 Objectives of Basic Science and
Technology Teaching — — — — — — — 19
2.1.9 The Concept of Academic Performance — — — — 20
2.1.10 Influence of Child Abuse and Neglect on Academic
Performance of a Child — — — — — — 23
2.2 Theoretical Frame Work — — — — — — 24
2.3 Empirical Frame Work — — — — — — 26
2.4 Summary of Literature Review — — — — — 28
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Area of the Study — — — — — — — 29
3.2 Research Design — — — — — — — 30
3.3 Population of the Study — — — — — — 30
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique — — — — — 30
3.5 Instrument Validation and Reliability — — — — 31
3.5.1 Validation — — — — — — — — 31
3.5.2 Reliability — — — — — — — — 32
3.6 Statistical Treatment of Data — — — — — — 32
3.6.1 Methods of Data Collection — — — — — — 32
3.6.2 Method of Data Analysis — — — — — — 33
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS
4.1 Presentation of Data — — — — — — — 34
4.2 Answer to Research Questions — — — — — 34
4.3 Hypotheses by Hypotheses Analysis and
Interpretation of Result — — — — — — 37
4.4 Discussion of Findings — — — — — — 38
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Study — — — — — — 40
5.2 Conclusion — — — — — — — — 41
5.3 Recommendation — — — — — — — 41
5.4 Suggestion for Further Studies — — — — — 42
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Education, as defined by Fafunwa (2004), is an aggregate of all the processes by means of which a person develops abilities, attitudes, and other forms of behaviors of positive values in the society in which he lives; Child abuse and its consequences which is the unjust treatment given to a child disturb this development process.
Child abuse and neglect is a practice whereby children are battered and deprived of some basic needs in the home and at school. The saying that the child is the father of the man recognizes the fact that quality of today’s child will determine the quality of tomorrow’s man.
Child abuse has become an apparent endless of vicious cycle that hurts the image of the country and the dignity of those involved. Child abuse can occur in a child’s home or an organization, schools or communities that the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse; regret, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse and sexual abuse.
Child abuse as any act as series of acts commission by parent or other caregivers that result in harm, potential of harm, or threat of human to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi; Melanson, Simon and Anas, 2008).
According to the journal of child abuse and neglect, child abuse “any recent act or care taker which result in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation an act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm”. Therefore, child abuse is caused by poverty and lack of parental care, other factors including unemployment, marital conflict and polygamous home.
Denga (2002), also observed that child abuse is exposing children to painful an unwarranted suffering knowingly and unknowingly; Denga continues that both male and female children are abused in some cases by their parents, guardians, teachers, peers and the society in various forms.
Child abuse influence pupils academically, behaviourally, emotionally and socially. Many studies, including Shonk and Cicchetti (2001). Show that pupils who experience mal treatment have lower cognitive functioning and are at risk for having lasting academic and behavioural concerns. Researches show that pupils who are abused also have low emotions regulation along with increase suicide idation (Teisl and Ciccetti; 2008, and Calder, MC Vean, and Yang 2009). Social skills are also an area of concern for pupils who have been abused. These areas of concern are not mutually exclusive but have been found to overlap and influence one another. For example, having low social competence increase pupils’ behavioural problems (Shonk and Cicchetti, 2001).
Educators can notice each of these areas of concern in the school environment and working with the pupils to overcome the side effects of abuse and be successful inside and outside the school.
The present economic hardship in the country contributes solely to child abuse. In this case, the masters or mistresses may double the number of goods the child usually sells in order to make end meet, thereby, neglecting the aspect of education of the child. As a result of the abuse, the cumulative influence of those activities may reflect on poor academic achievement. Most child maltreatment or abuse occurs in a child’s home; with a smaller amount occurring in the organization, schools or communities the child interact with.
In Akwa Ibom State, Uyo Local Government Area in particular, many dimensions of child abuse are observed such as child prostitution, sexual abuse, physical abuse, early child marriage, mal nutrition, separation from parents, hawking, child labour/servitude, child trafficking, child rejection and neglect, physical and psychological maltreatment i the family.
This disturbs the morals of many who live in fear, anxiety and worries about the child academic achievement, and feel that there is so much advancement in human civilization. Therefore, the issue of child abuse in any form ought to be put to an end to ensure that all live in peace and harmony in the society with the focus on the basic needs of the child education being one of the focus of the society and growth of its citizens. Hence, this study aims at finding out the influence of child abuse and neglect on academic performance of pupils in basic science and technology in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State.
1.2 Statement of problem
Child abuse and neglect is a common social phenomenon in Nigeria due to the socio economic background of some Nigerian parents who are not living in towns and cities abuse the right of their children by withdrawing them from school to sell goods along the streets to augment the family income. Some of these children may be away from school for more than a term and even a session before they can go back to school. The economic situation in most homes deprives the pupils of their rightful educational progress.
Child prostitution, hawking in the street, misuse of children in various working areas, inadequate care for the children by parents and guardians in terms of providing basic needs all constitute child abuse. The child that is under abuse and neglect suffers a lot of physical assaults and deprivation which adversely affect his normal development both physically, mentally and social. He/she also suffers setback which affect his/her academic performance and over all development. It is against this background that, the study is carried out to examine the relationship between child abuse and neglect, and academic performance of pupils in basic science and technology in Uyo Local Government Area.
1.3 Purpose of the study
Specifically, this study attempts to address the following objectives: To
- determine the influence of child labour on the child’s academic performance in basic science and technology.
- ascertain the effect of sexual abuse of children on the academic performance of the child in basic science and technology
- examine the influence of physical abuse on the child’s academic performance in basic science and technology
1.4 Significance of the Study
The results of this study will create awareness among parents, teachers, education administrators, educational policy makers, educational practitioners, educational researchers and children alike in child abuse and neglect and its effect on them and the entire society. Parents will greatly benefit from the findings of this study as it will help them to known that child abuse affects their children’s academic performance.
It will also help education personnel to understand what constitute child abuse and neglect; like working on teacher’s farm during lesson period, sexual abuse by senior students or teachers, lack of teaching materials, etc.
This project hopes to provide a good reference material on the topic for educational researchers and also improve the quality of current influence to detest, treat and prevent child abuse and neglect.
1.5 Research Questions
The following specific research questions were raised to guide the study;
- Does child labour affect the Academic performance of the child in basic science and technology?
- Does sexual abuse affect the academic performance of a child in basic science and technology?
- Does physical abuse influence the child’s academic performance in basic science and technology?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
In order to answer the research questions posed above, the following hypotheses are raised.
- There is no significant influence of child labour on the academic performance of a child in basic science and technology.
- There is no significant impact of sexual abuse on a child’s academic performance in basic science and technology.
- There is no significant influence of physical abuse on child’s academic performance in basic science and technology.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
This study is intended to cover primary schools in Uyo Local Government Area but due to time constraints, emphasis was laid on the few selected primary schools in this local government Area.
The study is thus limited to defined target populatttion which involved 5 selected primary schools in Uyo Local Government Area.
The inference from the study would apply to the target population in this Local Government Area.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Child abuse and neglect: it is the process of which parents or care givers deny a child his/her rights, it can be through hawking, violence, early marriage, sexual abuse, physical abuse, etc.
Academic performance: the grade or score obtained at the end of a test or examination.
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