Issues And Solutions To Religious Conflicts In Nigeria: A Case Study of Southern Kaduna Local Government Area
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
As it has in many civilizations, religion can and has been used as a tool for societal harmony. But ironically, it has also been used as an excuse for violence, which is why some authors have referred to it as a “double-edged sword” (Maregere, 2011; Obasi, 2019). Religious extremists have always tried to justify violence in the name of God. Extremely violent modern crimes, including terrorist assaults, are frequently excused as “holy warfare.” Nigerian religion has been the focal point of the majority of violent confrontations over the past twenty (20) years, earning recognition as one of the main security issues facing the area recently (Juergensmeyer, 2010; Abu-Nimer, 2020).
Conflict has been present since the beginning of humanity. Conflict is unavoidable in all societies. Conflict is unavoidable in any civilization where multiple individuals exist. Any sensible society aims for peaceful cohabitation and the resolution of conflicts. It is disheartening to note that religion, which should promote peaceful coexistence in society, is causing many conflicts, especially in many communities in Nigeria.
Various conflict resolution strategies have been used to resolve these conflicts. Some of these tactics are successful, while others are ineffective. According to a Spanish study, communities split along religious lines are more likely than those split along political, territorial, or racial lines to experience severe and protracted conflict (Reynal-Querol 2002). This fact may help to explain why religious violence is ranked first on Nigeria’s security hierarchy.
A “struggle between and among individuals or groups over values and claims to scarce resources, status symbols, and power bases” is commonly referred to as religious conflict. When a group of people finds it difficult to accept the beliefs and doctrines of another group of people, religious conflict ensues. This frequently leads to verbal and physical abuse or cold wars. Power, personality, location, and group identity are just a few of the contested domains that are involved in religious conflicts, which are a more complicated phenomenon (Wendy, 2019).
According to Gofwen (2020), religious conflicts are a particular kind of conflict between groups that have different religious beliefs and disagree ideologically within a pluralistic environment, with each group vying for political relevance. When religious groups compete with one another for supremacy, religious conflicts arise. This supremacy could have social, cultural, political, or economic roots.
Nigeria’s religious landscape is dominated by Islam, Christianity, and African traditional religion. Conflicts between three religions, particularly Muslims and Christians, can result in loss of life and property. The followers of these two religions frequently attack one other. The religious situation in Nigeria has become violent, leading to suicide bombings and loss of innocent lives and property. The Northern area of the county is the most affected by religious conflicts.
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Ahmadu (1989) argues that if there is peace in the region, the relationship between Christians and Muslims will deteriorate due to a lack of trust. Religious crises are more prevalent in the North and might lead to revenge assaults in other regions of country. According to (Dzurgba, 2006), retaliatory attacks by Christians in Eastern Nigeria target Northerners regardless of religion. These attacks affect both Christians and Muslims. Northern Christians are particularly vulnerable to fatalities in unexpected circumstances. Retaliatory attacks claimed lives in eastern Nigeria.
Every human community faces the difficult problem of conflict, which is typically predictable. In actuality, history shows that conflict arises both within and between communities and groups and is a constant process in human relations. In the instance of Nigeria, the socioeconomic polity of the populace has suffered as a result of the frequency of religious conflicts in the country’s northern region between 1987 and 2021. In the midst of these battles, Christians have occasionally drawn weapons in an effort to defend themselves against Muslim onslaught (Hassan, 2019).
Many factors are responsible for religious violence in Nigeria. However, in order to do justice, it will be proper to classify these factors according to the nature of the violence. This study is set to outline those factors with possible solutions to it.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Over the last thirty (30) years and still counting, the country Nigeria has experienced violent religious conflicts, primarily between Christians and Muslims. Communal disputes in Nigeria are generally rooted in ethnic and religious differences. In Kaduna South, religion and ethnicity are frequently exploited to fuel conflicts, rather than just political or economic reasons. Religion is becoming a polarizing subject, and constitutions are a major source of dispute.
According to (Samuel 2018), Nigeria has a history of ethnic and religious violence during the previous 30 years. Religious extremism, millenarian movements, and intolerance have led to bloodshed inside and between religious groups. Samuel’s remark was corroborated by (Hassan, 2020), who also saw ethnicity and religion as major risks to Nigeria’s stability.
Religion further fuels ethnocentric antagonism in Nigeria. Religion now plays a significant role in defining identity, especially in terms of political identity. According to Nigeria’s strategic conflict assessment studies, religion can be particularly deadly when related to politics, ethnicity, and north-south tensions.
Religion and ethnicity have often played a significant role in recurring crisis. In order to promote ethical values like forgiveness, tolerance, and the idea of humanity’s shared solidarity based on origin that could foster camaraderie and understanding rather than enduring hostility and mistrust in Christian-Muslim relations in Nigeria, this work provides an overview of the general idea and causes of religious conflicts in Nigeria.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main aim of this research is to examine issues and solutions to religious conflicts in Southern Kaduna Local Government Area.
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