SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BIS(SALICYLALDEHYDE THIOSEMICARBAZONE) COBALT(II) CHLORIDE
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ABSTRACT
Transition metal complex of cobalt (II) chloride with schiff base (SALTSC) derived from condensation of thiosemicarbazide and salicylaldehyde were synthesized. The transition metal complex have been structurally characterized by UV visible spectra, IR, molar conductance, and Melting point determination. The Schiff base ligand and the Complex also is screened for its antimicrobial activity against, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Albicanusing Ciprofloxacin as a standard. The activity data show that the Complex to be more potent/antibacterial than the parent schiff base ligand against the microbial species.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION.. iv
CERTIFICATION.. v
DEDICATION.. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. vii
ABSTRACT. viii
TABLE OF CONTENT. ix
LIST OF TABLES. xi
CHAPTER 1. 1
INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.1 Statement of Problem.. 3
1.2 Aim of Study. 3
1.3 Objectives of Study. 3
1.4 Justification of the Study. 4
CHAPTER TWO.. 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW… 5
2.1 Synthesis of Schiff bases. 10
2.2 The Importance and Uses of Schiff Bases. 12
2.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff base. 13
CHAPTER 3. 16
MATERIALS AND METHOD.. 16
3.0 Materials. 16
3.1 Chemicals/Reagents. 16
3.2 Method. 16
3.2.1 Preparation of Salicyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (SALTSC) 16
3.2.2 Preparation of the bis (salicyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) cobalt(II) chloride (BSCTCC) 17
3.2.3 Solubility test 18
3.2.4 FTIR Analysis. 18
3.2.5 Antimicrobial Analysis. 19
3.2.6 Culture Media. 19
3.2.7 Determination of inhibitory activity (Sensitivity test) of the extract using Agar Well Diffusion Method. 19
3.4 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 20
CHAPTER FOUR.. 22
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. 22
4.1 Physical and chemical properties of the ligand and complex. 22
4.2 Solubility of Ligand and Copper hexahydrate Metal Complex. 23
4.3 The Infrared Spectra of the Ligand and the complex. 24
4.4 Visible Spectra of the Ligand and Complex. 24
4.5 Antimicrobial Activity. 25
4.6 DISCUSSION.. 30
CHAPTER 5. 31
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.. 32
5.1 Conclusion. 32
5.2 Recommendation. 32
REFRENCES. 33
APPENDICES. 36
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The name of the German chemist Hugo Schiff, who first identified the chemicals produced by the interaction of primary amines with carbonyl compounds in 1864, is where the phrase “Schiff base” originates. They are frequently thought of as being equivalent to azomethines. The capacity of Schiff bases to form complexes with transition metal ions is determined by the specific structural fragment characteristic. In these complexes the form as L type ligands, that is ligand containing two electron donors, which do not undergo electron changes on their valence shells. ((Smith, 2007)
Due to their anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral characteristics, Schiff bases and metal complexes are essential substances for biological systems.(Malik, 2018)
The most significant biological function of Schiff bases is their participation in amino acid metabolism, one of the fundamental biological processes. In the biosynthesis of the -amino acids (R-CH-NH2-COOH) used in the production of proteins in living things, Schiff bases play a significant role as intermediates. In some instances, the organism converts an excess amino acid into the amino acid it needs by a transamination reaction if there aren’t enough essential amino acids in the food. Through a succession of Schiff bases, the amino group of the extra amino acid is transferred to the keto acid in this process. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that Schiffbases are necessary for the biological action of a wide range of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic compounds.(Ganguly, 2008)
Thiosemicarbazones have been the subject of several studies because of their variable bonding modes, encouraging biological implications and structural variety. The preparation of the transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazone ligands has been gaining original substantial attention due to the potentially chemotherapeutic properties of both ligands and complexes as antitumor and antibacterial agents. (Chakraborty, 2021)
Schiff bases are important intermediates for the synthesis of some bioactive compounds such as beta-lactams. The base catalyzed condensation of acetyl chlorides with N-arylaldimines occurs by initial acylation at thenitrogen atom and leads to β-lactams of interest in penicillin chemistry. It has been suggested that the azomethine linkage might be responsible for, (Rajaet al., 2012).
Latest researchers in these areas focus on the synthesis and characterization of biological compound containing metal ions, due to their applicability in pharmacy, medicine and agronomy. The modern chemotography is promoted on the basis of metals and metal complexes which play a key role in the pharmacological properties of known drugs. (Revathi, 2012)
Schiff base which contain ONS donor atoms have widespread applications in many biological aspects asnd have been utilised in synthesis of biologically active metal chelates. Transition metal chelates of Schiff base are most studied due to their industrial, antitumor, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antiamoebic activity,carcinostatic and other biological applications. Tridentate Schiff base containing ONS donor atoms are well known and form stable chelates.(Pfeiffer P, 2022)
Furthermore, presence of these atoms in the chelates makes these compounds stereospecific catalyst for hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and other chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry.(Pravin et al., 2019)
1.1 Statement of Problem
Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. When antibiotics were first introduced in the 1900’s it was thought that we won the
war against microorganisms. It was soon discovered that microorganisms were capable of developing resistance to any of the drugs that’s were used. The main mechanism of resistance are the limiting uptake of drug, modification of drug, and active efflux of drug. Schiff base are versatile compounds known for their diverse biological and chemical properties.so they are used to identify the microbes and resistance of microbes in the availability of antimicrobial drugs
1.2 Aim of Study
The aim of this research work is to synthesize cobalt (II) chloride complex as a potential antimicrobial agent.
1.3 Objectives of Study
Theobjectives of this study is to;
- To identify the various forms of Schiff’s bases and their properties
- Synthesize Salicyaldehydethiosemicarbazide and cobalt (II) complex
- Characterize the synthesized Compounds using FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy
- Determine antimicrobial activity of the compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, E-coli, and Candida Albican.
1.4 Justification of the Study
Metal complexes have been reported to have some biological activity. Also Schiff base metal complex have been studied widely because of their antimicrobial activity.(Hamill., 2009).
Raman et al2005 synthesize cobalt complex derived from 3-cinnamalideneacetanillide and o-phenylenediamine and was found to be active against diseases caused by microbes. This work entails synthesis of cobalt complex derives from the condensation. The result will add to existing literature especially in the in-vitro antimicrobial activity using gram positive and negative bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli) and Fungi (Candida albican).
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