SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF IRON (III) COMPLEX DERIVED FROM A SCHIFF BASE OF THIOSEMICARBAZIDE AND SALICYALDEHYDE
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ABSTRACT
Iron (III) complex of a Schiff base (ligand) derived from thiosemicarbazide and salicyaldehyde was synthesized and characterized using UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as: solubility, melting point conductivity measurements were carried out. The Schiff base and the complex was also subjected to antimicrobial screening. Comparison of the IR spectra of the Schiff base and the metal complex indicated that the Schiff base functions as a bidentate ligand, Fe (III) coordinate with the ligand through nitrogen of azomethine group (C=N). Both the complex and the ligand were found to be soluble in acetone but insoluble in some solvent including water. The antimicrobial activity of the complex was found to be active against all the tested bacterial, while the Schiff base was inactive on Escherichia coli.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.. ii
DEDICATION.. iii
ACOKNWLEEDGEMENT. iv
ABSTRACT. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi
CHAPTER ONE. 1
INTRODUCTION.. 1
1.2 Background to the Study. 1
1.2 Aims objective of the Study. 2
1.3 Significance of the Study. 3
1.4 Justification. 3
CHAPTER TWO.. 7
LITERATURE REVIEW… 7
2.1 Introduction. 7
2.2 Schiff Bases: Overview and Synthesis. 7
2.2.1 Definition and Properties of Schiff Bases. 7
2.2.2 Methods of Schiff Base Synthesis. 9
2.3 Coordination Chemistry of Metal Complexes. 10
2.3.1 Transition Metal Complexes. 10
2.3.2 Coordination Modes of Schiff Bases with Metal Ions. 12
2.4 Antimicrobial Activities of Schiff Bases and Metal Complexes. 13
2.4.1 Schiff Bases as Antimicrobial Agents. 13
2.4.2 Antimicrobial Activities of Metal Complexes. 15
2.6 Gaps and Rationale for the Current Study. 18
CHAPTER THREE. 21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.. 21
3.0Materials and Reagents. 21
3.1 Materials. 21
3.2 Reagents. 21
3.3 Method. 21
3.3.1 Preparation of Schiff base. 21
3.3.2 Preparation of the Complex. 22
3.4 Melting point 22
3.5 Conductivity measurement 22
3.6 Solubility test 22
3.7 Anti-microbial studies. 22
3.7.1 Cultural media: 22
3.7.1 Determination of inhibitory activity (sensitivity test) of the metal complex and ligand using agar well diffusion method: 23
3.7.2 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 23
3.7.3 Determination of minimum bactericidal concentration. 24
3.8 Characterization. 24
3.9 Data Analysis. 24
CHAPTER FOUR.. 26
4.0 Results. 26
4.1 Physical properties of ligand and the complex. 26
4.2 Solubility of iron (III) complex and the ligand. 27
4.3 Infrared spectra of the ligand and the complex. 28
Table 4.4: IR spectra of the synthesized ligand and complex. 29
Table 4.5: Results for anti-microbial activity of iron complex showing diameter of zone in inhibition at varying concentration. 29
Table 4.6: Result for determination of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of iron complex at varying concentrations. 30
Table 4.7: Results for anti-microbial activity of the ligand showing diameter of zon of inhibition at varying concentration. 30
Table 4.8: Result for the determination of the minimum inhibition concentration (M.I.C) and minimum bactericidal concentration (M.B.C) of the ligand at varying concentration. 31
CHAPTER FIVE. 32
5.0 Discussion and conclusion. 32
5.1 Discussion. 32
REFERENCES. 34
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background to the Study
Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been subjects of considerable interest in coordination chemistry and materials science (Liu and Hamon 2019). Schiff bases, formed through the condensation of a primary amine and a carbonyl compound, exhibit unique structural properties and diverse applications due to the presence of multiple coordinating sites. These ligands serve as excellent candidates for complexation with various metal ions, leading to the formation of metal complexes with intriguing properties (Ramdass et al., 2017).
Among the transition metal complexes, those involving iron (III) have garnered particular attention in recent years due to their potential applications in different fields (Hanet al., 2016) Iron, being essential in biological systems, plays crucial roles in processes like oxygen transport, electron transfer, and enzyme catalysis (Readet al., 2021). The coordination of iron ions with Schiff bases can significantly influence the electronic and structural properties of both the ligand and the metal, resulting in the generation of compounds with distinct chemical and biological activities.
Schiff base metal complexes have shown promising biological activities and are studied in medicinal chemistry for their potential therapeutic applications (Chaudhary et al., 2021). These complexes have demonstrated antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties, making them attractive candidates for drug development.Additionally, they have been investigated as efficient catalysts in various chemical reactions, contributing to advancements in catalysis (Suet al., 2015).
In the realm of material science, Schiff base metal complexes have exhibited fascinating properties and have been utilized in the design of novel materials (Alfonso‐Herrera et al., 2022). The ability of these complexes to form coordination polymers and supermolecular assemblies has opened up new possibilities in tailoring luminescence, conductivity, and magnetic behavior in materials.
Despite the vast potential, Schiff base metal complexes remain an active area of research, warranting further exploration (Krishnan and Sheela (2022). The synthesis, characterization, and investigation of their properties hold the key to understanding the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms underlying their biological and catalytic activities.
In the context of this study, the research aims to synthesize a Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of thiosemicarbazide and Salicylaldehydes, and subsequently coordinate it with iron (III) ions to form the corresponding metal complex. The investigation of their physicochemical properties through spectroscopic analysis and elemental characterization will provide insights into the structural features of the synthesized compounds. Moreover, exploring the potential applications of the Schiff base and its iron (III) complex in various fields will contribute to the growing body of knowledge and pave the way for the development of novel materials and therapeutics with enhanced properties and efficacy.
1.2 Aims objective of the Study
- To synthesize a Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of thiosemicarbazide and Salicylaldehydes.
- To coordinate the Schiff base ligand with iron (III) Chloride to form the corresponding metal complex.
- To characterize the synthesized Schiff base and iron (III) complex using IR and UV spectroscopy
- To evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and iron (III) complex against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms.
1.3 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study lies in its potential contributions to both antimicrobial research and coordination chemistry. By investigating the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and its iron (III) complex, the study addresses the pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance and explores the development of novel therapeutic agents. The research aims to understand the structure-activity relationship between the Schiff base and metal complex, which could lead to the design of more effective metal-based antimicrobial agents.
Furthermore, the study’s findings may have broader applications in various fields, such as catalysis and materials science, enhancing our understanding of coordination chemistry and inspiring further research in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Overall, the study’s outcomes have the potential to add to scientific knowledge, offering valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of Schiff bases and metal complexes and their role in combating infectious diseases.
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