THE INFLUENCE OF MODERNIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION ON NIGERIAN CULTURE
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Abstract
The impact of industrialization and globalization on different facets of developing countries’ lives has long been a contentious topic. Lately, there has been a focus on how globalization affects African culture. There is concern that globalization would eventually lead to cultural uniformity and, worse, that the new culture will ultimately be primarily American, or Americanization. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to evaluate how globalization has impacted Nigerian culture. This study aims to address three main questions: how globalization has affected Nigerian culture; whether cultural homogenization is an American invention; what are the global ramifications of this phenomenon; and whether Nigerian culture is vulnerable to the forces of globalization. Using both theoretical and judgmental analysis, the following stances were adopted in this work in relation to the goals: As a double-edged sword, globalization has had both positive and negative effects on Nigerian cultures to the point where it is impossible to demonstrate that these effects are solely due to the fact that Nigerians chose to freely imitate the bad aspects of other cultures. Since acculturation—a process of natural selection that chooses the best aspects of each culture and combines or unites them to create a perfect dominant global culture—occurs as a result of acculturation, Nigerians should bear a large portion of the blame for the extinction and dilution of our culture. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that America is actively attempting to impose its culture on the rest of the world. However, it is completely unwanted and unacceptable for a dominating global culture to arise as a result of one culture being forcefully projected and imposed upon the rest of the world. Given that Nigerians are clever enough to know right from wrong and that no one can force a foreign culture on us unless we accept it, culture is likely the part of globalization over which Nigerians have the most power to resist or regulate the trend. Additionally, the following suggestions are made by this work: Our goal should not be to preserve our cultures in their pristine order because that is against the law of nature, but rather to guide the process of cultural evolution in a way that is positive and in light of the critical role that culture plays in national development. The first step in preserving our culture is to transcend the inferiority complex that leads us to believe that what is foreign is automatically better and realize that Nigeria has a lot that is superior and therefore admired by other peoples. It is imperative for our leaders to acknowledge the ongoing global culture rivalry, as it can have devastating effects on efforts towards national development if disregarded or overlooked.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to Study
Few words, according to Giddens (1996), are as commonly used as globalization, yet they are not as well understood. Scholte (2002:3) believes that every study of globalization should contain a critical and thorough definition of the term itself, most likely in support of this remark. A “muddled or misguided core concept compromises overall comprehension of a problem while a sharp and revealing definition promotes insightful, interesting, and empowering knowledge, as well as an understanding that helps us to shape our destiny in positive direction,” according to him. After examining the majority of current definitions, he concluded that they are inadequate and narrow-minded since they conflate globalization with westernization, liberalization, internationalization, or universalization. Although all four of the above listed notions have aspects in globalization, it is incorrect to describe it solely in terms of any one of them. There are several definitions in the literature on globalization, and they differ according to the author and the viewpoint they are expressing. Definitions of globalization might be institutional or organizational, process-, system-, or value-driven, ideological, or a combination of any or all of the aforementioned, according to Amiuwu (2004).
After looking over a good deal of definitions, this paper takes the stance that the two definitions listed below are the best fit for its objectives. The first is that put out by the Bank of Industry, which defines globalization as the process of nations and peoples becoming more integrated and the removal of artificial barriers that impede the movement of people, capital, goods, and services across national borders; a process of establishing a worldwide market for investments, trade, and information through the integration of global economic decision-making regarding savings, investment, and consumption (Bank of Industry 2004:1) and the second one by Onyeonoru (2003:37), who views globalization as the strengthening of international social ties that connect distant locales in such a way that events taking place far away influence local happenings and vice versa.
An issue, object, value, institution, or practice is globalized if it is visible or deemed relevant in global centers through trade, production, consumption, politics, or information technology, according to Abubakar (2003:15–19). Universality is a key component of globalization. Put differently, globalization means universalization, which means that goals, customs, or even values cross geopolitical boundaries, entering the formerly independent nation state and influencing people’s orientation and value system.
The phrase “globalization was not coined until the second half of the twentieth century,” claims Scholte (2002: 4). According to Amiuwu (2004: 18–28), the term was initially used in the 1980s. However, other academics contend that the emergence of globalization may be traced to the 1450–1500 AD period, which was marked by the expansion of trade as commercial empires sought to expand their markets. The term “mercantilist period” is typically used to describe this time frame (Adejo 2003:1–10). According to Amiwu (2004:19), the transatlantic slave trade is the most tragic example of globalization throughout history. The current manifestation of globalization is a result of western nations’ resolve to fortify their ties in order to promote stability and reciprocal benefits following World War II. Actually, the majority of writings on globalization trace it back to earlier eras of international trade. One theory is that it started “through an endless series of economic transactions which linked Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas,” according to Onyeonoru (2003:36). Additionally, he believes that there is no obvious divergence from the past in the current type of globalization. The present period of globalization, which began in the post-1970s, has seen a significant amount of socialism and welfare state collapse. During this time, international global organizations and institutions have also emerged. The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the European Union (EU), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Group of Seven Industrial Nations (G7), the European Economic Community (ECC), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are a few examples of these organizations (Nwana 2004:1). According to Sawyer (1998: 17), “international capitalism is making a desperate attempt to regain lost ground due to ideological shifts towards alternative paradigms which African countries have adopted since independence… especially with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the unchallenged hegemony of capitalism and neo-liberal ideology.” This is how Sawyer describes the current wave of globalization.
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