Unemployment and Criminal Activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

Unemployment and Criminal Activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

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                                                      Abstract

This study was set to ascertain unemployment and criminal activities in Calabar south Local Government Area. The populations of the study were basically resident of Calabar south Local Government Area. The study developed three research objectives among which included to ascertain the factors that contributes to high level of criminal activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River state. The study was also guided by three research questions. The study employed the survey research design; questionnaires in addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed using the chi square statistical tool at 5% level of significance which was presented in frequency tables and percentage. The study findings revealed that there are factors contributing to the high level of criminal activities in Calabar south Local Government Area. Also, there are factors leading to high level of unemployment in the case study. The study recommended that  the government should make entrepreneurship education compulsory at all levels of education and monitor its implementation to ensure that both the trainees and the instructors are complying with the laid down policy and budget plan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                             TABLE OF CONTENTS   

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.5 Significance of the Study

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.7     Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 Concept of Unemployment

2.2 Concept of Criminology

Unemployment in Nigeria

Types of Unemployment

Structural Unemployment

Seasonal Unemployment

Frictional Unemployment

Cyclical Unemployment

Residual Unemployment

Technological Unemployment

Disguised Unemployment

Rural-Urban Migration

Rapid Population Growth

Rapid Expansion of the Education System

Poor Enabling Environment

Lack of Steady and Sustainable Power Supply

Gradual Collapse of Manufacturing Sector

Corruption

Effect of Unemployment on the Nigerian Economy

Society Response to Criminal Behaviors in terms of Prevention and Punishment

Solutions to Youth Unemployment in Nigeria

2.3 Theoretical Review

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1       Introduction

3.2       Research Design

3.3       Population of the Study

3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure

3.4       Sample and Sampling Techniques

3.5       Research Instrument and Instrumentation

3.6       Validity of Instrument

3.7       Reliability of Instrument

3.8       Method of Data Collection

3.9       Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4. 1 Introduction

4.1       Analysis of Demographic Data of Respondents

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

REFERENCES

 

                                                        CHAPTER ONE

                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Crime is a major issue that all societies, especially emerging ones, must address. Nigeria, as a developing country, has a unique collection of social, political, economic, and cultural difficulties in diverse regions, all of which have had a substantial impact on the population’s well-being. Everyone agrees on one major cause: the rising or increasing rate of unemployment. Most countries’ unemployment and crime rates are significantly related, while it is unclear whether this relationship means that unemployment causes crime, crime causes unemployment, or other factors cause both. In other words, the sign of the link is clear, but the direction of causality is unclear. Most countries’ unemployment and crime rates are strongly associated, although it is unclear whether this association means that unemployment causes crime, crime causes unemployment, or other factors cause both. In other words, the sign of the association is obvious, but the direction of causality is not. One direction of causation, unemployment affects crime, has received a lot of attention in the literature, while the opposite has been generally overlooked (Calro-Armengo and Yves Zenous, 2003). Becker (1968), Stigler (1970), and Ehrlich (1973), among others, provided the theoretical foundation for the causality concept almost thirty years ago. In Ehrlich’s approach, people divide their time between legal and risky unlawful activities. If legal revenue options grow rare in comparison to possible earnings from crime, the model predicts that crime will increase. Increased unemployment could be one such issue.

Governments around the world work to reduce crime rates and, if feasible, eliminate crime. Similarly, unemployment, an economic sickness, is an issue that the government works to alleviate. It is worth noting that where there is unemployment, particularly at a high rate, the crime rate tends to rise dramatically. This is because people are easily lured or compelled to criminal tendencies in the face of frustrations, poverty, and a loss of hope in earning a decent living (Egunjobi, 2003). According to Becker’s economic theory of crime, unemployed people are deprived of legal income and hence tend to earn some money through illicit actions. Many crime models show that the unemployed and low-wage workers have a significant desire to commit crimes.

Despite the abundance of human and natural resources available in the region, the southern region of Nigeria, notably Calabar, is badly affected by criminal activity and unemployment, a condition described by the World Bank as unemployment in the midst of plenty (World Bank, 1996). Extreme poverty and underdevelopment, discontent with international oil companies, oil spillage, environmental damage, and corruption by government officials have all contributed to an increase in criminal activity among young people in the Northern region. Unemployment, on the other hand, is obvious in the Niger Delta, with Eboh (2009) estimating that over 60% of the region’s youth are unemployed. The streets are crowded with young hawkers who could have found work in certain businesses (Okafor, 2011). It is upon this background that this research work is intended to ask the following questions:

1. Is there any significant relationship between unemployment and the rate of criminal activities in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River state?
2. What are the other factors that contribute to high level of criminal activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River state?
3. What are the factors leading to high level of unemployment in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River state?

1.2     Statement of the problem

The Nigerian government and religious leaders are very concerned about the issue of insecurity in the nation. The current state of unemployment in Nigeria has led to a state of anomie among the youth, who have resorted to dysfunctional means of coping with the country’s growing economic crisis. These methods include armed robbery, prostitution, terrorism, kidnapping, thuggery, militancy, internet scams, fraudulent acts, and more. In order to harness, control, and utilize the resources of the regions to benefit the indigenes, youths, young adults, and even a large number of children have resolved to take restive measures, as evidenced by political thuggery, illegal oil bunkering, firearms business, kidnapping, piracy, militancy, and other social vices that pose a threat to the stability of democracy in Nigeria (Okafor, 2011). The arm insurrection in the region stems from a perception of neglect by both oil firms and the national government. Despite its strategic and economic significance, the Northern region’s human development indexes lag far behind national averages. Furthermore, poverty persists despite the billions that pour into the national coffers. Poverty, on the other hand, exacts an unavoidable societal toll, and for disadvantaged individuals, crime is frequently the next logical step after deprivation. Because of the country’s high unemployment rate, many have turned to dysfunctional tactics such as pick-pocketing, kidnapping, assassination, political thuggery, prostitution, scamming, and so on to supplement their income and ensure their society survival. Youths in Nigeria consider these dysfunctional tactics as an alternative to their jobless position in the area, since the government has failed to provide the work opportunities required as a basic necessity in life. Base on the above statements, this study tends to examine unemployment and criminal activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River state.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to access unemployment and criminal activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River state. Specific objectives are:

1. To examine if there is any significant relationship between unemployment and the rate of criminal activities in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River state.
2. To ascertain the factors that contributes to high level of criminal activities in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River state.
3. To examine the factors leading high level of unemployment in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River state.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is significant as it will take an in-depth analysis into the root causes of the calabar south menace as it investigates various criminal activities and their effect on the region. The finding of the study will prove an insight into what crimes are really committed on the region and also reveal what effect they have on the region. Also, this study will contribute in no small way to the literature in this area of study. Finally, governments will through this work understand the basic problems retarding the growth of the region thus, proffer possible solutions.

 

 

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study concentrates its investigation on the southeastern region in investigating unemployment and criminal activities. The delimitation is made so as to enable the researcher focus the search light on Calabar south Local Government Area.

1.7     Definition of Terms

Crime: Crime can be defined as an act that violate the law of the society or serious offence against the law of the society for which there is severe punishment by law.

Criminal Activities: Criminal activities are referred to as those activities that violate the law of the society and are punishable under the law.

Sustainable Development: This is described as that development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present generations without compromising the ability to meet the need of future generation.

Kidnapping: This is refers to the seizure of individuals by other groups for purpose of receiving ransom on their release.

Unemployment: This is a situation in which those willing and able to work do not find any, at the prevailing wage rate.

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