IMPACT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON HUMAN SECURITY IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF OWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ONDO STATE
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Abstract
The study was based on an investigation of the Impact of Boko haram insurgency on human security in Nigeria, using Owo Local Government Area in Ondo state as a study area. The latest wave of violent attacks by Boko Haram, which has resulted in the kidnapping and murdering of individuals as well as the destruction of homes, schools, health care facilities, churches, mosques, and farmland, has thrown the country into a condition of chronic insecurity. The Boko Haram insurgency has so jeopardized the fundamentals of food, health, shelter, education, and protection, which constitute primary security for the human individual. As a result, this study investigates the challenges posed by the Boko Haram insurgency to human security in Nigeria. According to the findings, the insurgency has claimed many lives and property; exacerbated the country’s food and nutrition insecurity; aided the spread of infectious diseases; denied millions of children and youths access to education; increased the number of internally displaced people in desperate need of shelter; and caused people to live in constant fear and anxiety. This article indicates that the Boko Haram insurgency has a detrimental influence on human security and proposes that counter-insurgency efforts will be effective only if poverty, corruption, and poor governance are adequately addressed.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Due to the links between economic, social, political, and governance activities, contemporary discussions on Nigeria are almost always replete with issues surrounding insecurity, militancy, insurgency, and terrorism, with spiraling effects on regional and international relations (Adewumi, 2014). Since the country’s return to democratic rule in 1999, there has been an increase in violent actions in Nigeria, with the Boko Haram insurgency at the forefront. The Boko Haram sect’s activities have now spread beyond Nigeria’s borders, posing a threat to both domestic and international security. With persistent violent attacks on security forces, civilians, churches and mosques, farms, media houses, schools, and foreign entities such as the United Nations in 2011, the nation’s already difficult situation has been exacerbated, particularly in the North East.
Insurgency is that armed movement or struggle seeking to overthrow an existing government using variety of violent and non-violent tactics that include drawing support and sympathy from acquiescent population in weak state fracture along ethnic and sectarian cleavages (Mackinlay, 2002; Carol, 2012). Banditry is defined as armed violence motivated primarily by the unlawful desire to steal and loot. It is motivated by the desire for economic gain. Individuals and communities with material possessions, as well as ordinary people displaced from their homes, are among the victims. Kidnapping is described as the act of kidnapping, detaining, or transporting a person by unlawful force or trickery, frequently with a ransom demand. To be considered kidnapping, an act must involve the forcible removal of a victim from one location to another, as well as the detention or seizure of that person, whether a child or an adult. The activities of Boko Haram insurgents began around 2002, in northern Nigeria, when they functioned as a local Islamic group. Nigerians hold the assumption that the word ‘Boko Haram’, points to the group’s opposition to western education.
Boko Haram is an Islamic extremist group in Nigeria, which emerged around 2002. The term Boko Haram means “western education is forbidden” (Shuaibu & Salleh, 2015). Although the group started off as a charity group, which ‘educated’ people willing to learn about Islamic education and gave arms to those they preached to, it has now become a major terrorist group in Nigeria, whose incursions have spread to Cameroon and Niger. Its insurgency has led to the loss of many lives, destruction of schools and government infrastructure (Shuaibu & Salleh, 2015). Boko Haram’s activities are negatively affecting Nigeria; causing political and economic instability, specifically, in the north-east region. By its activities, Boko Haram undermines human security.
The Boko Haram insurgency is a threat to national security, but it should be noted that in the post-cold war era, the concept of national security has expanded beyond protecting the lives and property of the people through the protection of the state’s territorial integrity against threats from external aggressors to also include safeguarding citizens from threats such as diseases, hunger, unemployment, violations of human rights, and evictions. The violence of Boko Haram, which has increased recently, has seriously weakened people’s sense of security. According to Gilbert (2014), approximately 12,000 people have died and 8000 have been injured since the rebellion began. Food insecurity has exacerbated as farmers have abandoned their farms in fear of being attacked, particularly in the country’s main food-growing region in the north. Because Nigeria is Africa’s largest supplier of staple commodities, insecurity may have long-term effects in the area (USAID, 2014). The health sector has also suffered, as the number of injured people grows, with little or no facilities to care for them, and health staff abandon their posts in fear of being killed.
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The killings and abductions of schoolchildren and college students have caused the closing of schools indefinitely and the withdrawal of children and wards by parents from schools that are still open, denying them access to education. There are insufficient shelters for internally displaced people (IDPs), despite the fact that the number of IDPs is rapidly increasing. “Although the North-East is the epicenter of the insurgency, its effects reverberate throughout the country…” (Awortu, 2015, p. 213). Human security is a broad concept encapsulating various components, including food, personal, environment, etc. This thesis, however, focuses mainly on the socio-economic and political aspects of human insecurity. It examines the impact of Boko Haram on the political stability of Nigeria based on the reality that there is evidence of increased political instability due to terrorist activities by Boko Haram. Terrorism has affected Nigeria’s economic strength due to loss of investments and a decrease in entrepreneurship levels. Due to the violent terrorist attacks, foreign investors situated in the northern part of the country have been forced to leave. The security risks associated with the attacks led many to abandon their businesses and to relocate, while some have lost their businesses due to attacks, thus affecting their ability to work. The socio-economic and political effects of Boko Haram’s insurgency have affected the Nigerian people, and this can only be rectified if Boko Haram is defeated.
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